A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
• Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under the command of Tamim ibn Yusuf defeat a Castile and León alliance under the command of Prince Sancho Alfónsez.
• Battle of Monte Porzio: A Roman army supporting Pope Alexander III is defeated by Christian of Buch and Rainald of Dassel.
• Battle of Legnano: The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I.
• Mongol-Jin War: The Mongols entered Kaifeng after a successful siege and began looting in the fallen capital of the Jin dynasty.
• Philip VI is crowned King of France.
• Battle of Gallipoli: The Venetians under Pietro Loredan defeat a much larger Ottoman fleet off Gallipoli.
• Fall of Constantinople: Ottoman armies under Sultan Mehmed II Fatih capture Constantinople after a 53-day siege, ending the Byzantine Empire.
• Battle of Samugarh: decisive battle in the struggle for the throne during the Mughal war of succession (1658-1659).
• English Restoration: Charles II is restored to the throne of England, Scotland and Ireland.
• The right of settlers in New France to enslave natives is upheld at Quebec City.
• American Revolutionary War: At the Battle of Waxhaws, the British continue attacking after the Continentals lay down their arms, killing 113 and critically wounding all but 53 that remained.
• Rhode Island becomes the last of North America's original Thirteen Colonies to ratify the Constitution and become one of the United States.
• United Irishmen Rebellion: Between 300 and 500 United Irishmen are executed as rebels by the British Army in County Kildare, Ireland.
• Mustafa IV became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Battle of Hulao: Li Shimin, the son of the Chinese emperor Gaozu, defeats the numerically superior forces of Dou Jiande near the Hulao Pass (Henan). This victory decides the outcome of the civil war that followed the Sui dynasty's collapse in favour of the Tang dynasty.
• The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, declares the marriage of King Henry VIII of England to Anne Boleyn valid.
• The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, heading for the English Channel. (It will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port.)
• English Civil War: Bolton Massacre by Royalist troops under the command of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby.
• French and Indian War: In the first engagement of the war, Virginia militia under the 22-year-old Lieutenant colonel George Washington defeat a French reconnaissance party in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in what is now Fayette County in southwestern Pennsylvania.
• In Guadeloupe, 400 rebellious slaves, led by Louis Delgrès, blow themselves up rather than submit to Napoleon's troops.
• U.S. President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act which denies Native Americans their land rights and forcibly relocates them.
• The Paris Commune falls after two months.
• In San Francisco, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club.
• Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Tsushima ends with the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet by Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō and the Imperial Japanese Navy.
• The first Isle of Man TT race is held.
• The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia declare their independence.
• The 28 May 1926 coup d'état: Ditadura Nacional is established in Portugal to suppress the unrest of the First Republic.
• In the Netherlands, construction of the Afsluitdijk is completed and the Zuiderzee bay is converted to the freshwater IJsselmeer.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
• Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
• Malcolm IV becomes King of Scotland.
• John is crowned King of England.
• Richard of Cornwall, and his wife, Sanchia of Provence, are crowned King and Queen of the Germans at Aachen Cathedral.
• Manchu regent Dorgon defeats rebel leader Li Zicheng of the Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing.
• Tsar Peter the Great founds the city of Saint Petersburg.
• The Battle of Oulart Hill takes place in Wexford, Ireland; Irish rebel leaders defeat and kill a detachment of militia.
• War of the Second Coalition: Austrian forces defeat the French at Winterthur, Switzerland.
• War of 1812: In Canada, American forces capture Fort George.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi begins his attack on Palermo, Sicily, as part of the Italian unification.
• American Civil War: First Assault on the Confederate works at the Siege of Port Hudson.
• The first group of Dorsland trekkers under the leadership of Gert Alberts leaves Pretoria.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire takes place. The Sasanids defeat the Armenians militarily but guarantee them freedom to openly practice Christianity.
• King Edmund I of England is murdered by a thief whom he personally attacks while celebrating St Augustine's Mass Day.
• King Otto I elects his six-year-old son Otto II as heir apparent and co-ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. He is crowned at Aachen, and placed under the tutelage of his grandmother Matilda.
• Alfonso VII of León and Castile is crowned in León Cathedral as Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of all of Spain).
• An earthquake strikes Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan, killing about 23,000.
• William of Ockham, the Franciscan Minister-General Michael of Cesena, and two other Franciscan leaders secretly leave Avignon, fearing a death sentence from Pope John XXII.
• Geneva expels John Calvin and his followers from the city. Calvin lives in exile in Strasbourg for the next three years.
• The Battle of Haarlemmermeer, a naval engagement in the Dutch War of Independence.
• Pequot War: A combined English and Mohegan force under John Mason attacks a village in Connecticut, massacring approximately 500 Pequots.
• Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese and Spanish forces both claim victory in the Battle of Montijo.
• The Battle of Ackia is fought near the present site of Tupelo, Mississippi. British and Chickasaw soldiers repel a French and Choctaw attack on the then-Chickasaw village of Ackia.
• A Great Jubilee Day held at North Stratford, Connecticut, celebrates the end of fighting in the American Revolution.
• Napoléon Bonaparte assumes the title of King of Italy and is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy in Milan Cathedral, the gothic cathedral in Milan.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain, back from the Moors.
• Henry the Navigator is appointed governor of the Order of Christ.
• The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.
• Ming general Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the invading Manchus and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan pass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital Beijing.
• Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth of England.
• Charles II lands at Dover at the invitation of the Convention Parliament, which marks the end of the Cromwell-proclaimed Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and begins the Restoration of the British monarchy.
• A treaty between Pennsylvania and Maryland ends the Conojocular War with settlement of a boundary dispute and exchange of prisoners.
• After a delay of 11 days, the United States Constitutional Convention formally convenes in Philadelphia after a quorum of seven states is secured.
• United Irishmen Rebellion: Battle of Carlow begins; executions of suspected rebels at Carnew and at Dunlavin Green take place.
• Chuquisaca Revolution: Patriot revolt in Chuquisaca (modern-day Sucre) against the Spanish Empire, sparking the Latin American wars of independence.
• May Revolution: Citizens of Buenos Aires expel Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros during the "May Week", starting the Argentine War of Independence.
• The Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated.
• In Mobile, Alabama, around 300 people are killed when an ordnance depot explodes.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom.
• Magnus Ladulås is crowned King of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral.
• The ten-year-old Lambert Simnel is crowned in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, Ireland, with the name of Edward VI in a bid to threaten King Henry VII's reign.
• Erik XIV of Sweden and his guards murder five incarcerated Swedish nobles.
• Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library.
• One hundred-five English settlers under the leadership of Captain Christopher Newport established the colony called Jamestown at the mouth of the James River on the Virginia coast, the first permanent English colony in America.
• The Protestant Union is formally dissolved.
• The French Royal Army crosses the border into the Spanish Netherlands, starting the War of Devolution opposing France to the Spanish Empire and the Triple Alliance.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
• Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
• The marriage of King Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon is declared null and void.
• Dutch rebels led by Louis of Nassau, defeat Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg, and his loyalist troops in the Battle of Heiligerlee, opening the Eighty Years' War.
• Official ratification of the Second Virginia Charter takes place.
• The Second Defenestration of Prague precipitates the Thirty Years' War.
• John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defeats a French army under Marshal François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy at the Battle of Ramillies.
• South Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution as the eighth American state.
• Battle of Famars during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition.
• Accordion patent granted to Cyrill Demian in Vienna, Austrian Empire.
• Declaration of the Báb the evening before the 23rd: A merchant of Shiraz announces that he is a Prophet and founds a religious movement that would later be brutally crushed by the Persian government. He is considered to be a forerunner of the Baháʼí Faith; Baháʼís celebrate the day as a holy day.
• Mexican-American War: President Mariano Paredes of Mexico unofficially declares war on the United States.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu.
• Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
• A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.
• The Hashshashin (Assassins) attempt to assassinate Saladin near Aleppo.
• King John of England and King Philip II of France sign the Treaty of Le Goulet.
• Henry Raspe is elected anti-king of the Kingdom of Germany in opposition to Conrad IV.
• Serbian King Stefan Uroš I and the Republic of Venice sign a peace treaty.
• Brussels massacre: Between six and twenty Jews are murdered and the rest of the Jewish community is banished from Brussels, Belgium, for allegedly desecrating consecrated Host.
• Start of the Wars of the Roses: At the First Battle of St Albans, Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England.
• The massacre at the festival of Tóxcatl takes place during the Fall of Tenochtitlan, resulting in turning the Aztecs against the Spanish.
• Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and Danish King Christian IV sign the Treaty of Lübeck ending Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War.
• Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Hamburg.
• Trevi Fountain is officially completed and inaugurated in Rome.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as Caesar to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy.
• Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabids after a nine-month siege.
• Pope John VIII gives blessings to Branimir of Croatia and to the Croatian people, considered to be international recognition of the Croatian state.
• Sixteen-year-old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
• Dušan's Code, the constitution of the Serbian Empire, is enacted by Dušan the Mighty.
• Henry III of Castile sends Ruy González de Clavijo as ambassador to Timur to discuss the possibility of an alliance between Timur and Castile against the Ottoman Empire.
• Queen Mary I grants a royal charter to Derby School, as a grammar school for boys in Derby, England.
• In the Concert of The Hague, the Dutch Republic, the Commonwealth of England and the Kingdom of France set out their views on how the Second Northern War should end.
• The Battle of Long Sault concludes after five days in which French colonial militia, with their Huron and Algonquin allies, are defeated by the Iroquois Confederacy.
• The nobility elect John Sobieski King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
• Daniel Defoe is imprisoned on charges of seditious libel.
• The Order of St. Alexander Nevsky is instituted in Russia by Empress Catherine I. It would later be discontinued and then reinstated by the Soviet government in 1942 as the Order of Alexander Nevsky.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church.
• Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed Augusta is able to choose her successor for the Byzantine throne, after Zeno (late emperor) dies of dysentery.
• The Battle of Dun Nechtain is fought between a Pictish army under King Bridei III and the invading Northumbrians under King Ecgfrith, who are decisively defeated.
• While visiting the royal Mercian court at Sutton Walls with a view to marrying princess Ælfthryth, King Æthelberht II of East Anglia is taken captive and beheaded.
• The Second Battle of Lincoln is fought near Lincoln, England, resulting in the defeat of Prince Louis of France by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke.
• King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Estudio de Escuelas de Generales in Alcalá de Henares.
• The Battle of Alfarrobeira is fought, establishing the House of Braganza as a principal royal family of Portugal.
• John Cabot sets sail from Bristol, England, on his ship Matthew looking for a route to the west (other documents give a May 2 date).
• Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India when he arrives at Kozhikode (previously known as Calicut), India.
• Hernando Cortes defeats Panfilo de Narvaez, sent by Spain to punish him for insubordination.
• Ignatius of Loyola is seriously wounded in the Battle of Pampeluna.
• Cartographer Abraham Ortelius issues Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas.
• Shakespeare's sonnets are first published in London, perhaps illicitly, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe.
• The city of Magdeburg in Germany is seized by forces of the Holy Roman Empire and most of its inhabitants massacred, in one of the bloodiest incidents of the Thirty Years' War.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices