A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
• Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
• The marriage of King Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon is declared null and void.
• Dutch rebels led by Louis of Nassau, defeat Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg, and his loyalist troops in the Battle of Heiligerlee, opening the Eighty Years' War.
• Official ratification of the Second Virginia Charter takes place.
• The Second Defenestration of Prague precipitates the Thirty Years' War.
• John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defeats a French army under Marshal François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy at the Battle of Ramillies.
• South Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution as the eighth American state.
• Battle of Famars during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition.
• Accordion patent granted to Cyrill Demian in Vienna, Austrian Empire.
• Declaration of the Báb the evening before the 23rd: A merchant of Shiraz announces that he is a Prophet and founds a religious movement that would later be brutally crushed by the Persian government. He is considered to be a forerunner of the Baháʼí Faith; Baháʼís celebrate the day as a holy day.
• Mexican-American War: President Mariano Paredes of Mexico unofficially declares war on the United States.

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• Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu.
• Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
• A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.
• The Hashshashin (Assassins) attempt to assassinate Saladin near Aleppo.
• King John of England and King Philip II of France sign the Treaty of Le Goulet.
• Henry Raspe is elected anti-king of the Kingdom of Germany in opposition to Conrad IV.
• Serbian King Stefan Uroš I and the Republic of Venice sign a peace treaty.
• Brussels massacre: Between six and twenty Jews are murdered and the rest of the Jewish community is banished from Brussels, Belgium, for allegedly desecrating consecrated Host.
• Start of the Wars of the Roses: At the First Battle of St Albans, Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England.
• The massacre at the festival of Tóxcatl takes place during the Fall of Tenochtitlan, resulting in turning the Aztecs against the Spanish.
• Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and Danish King Christian IV sign the Treaty of Lübeck ending Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War.
• Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Hamburg.
• Trevi Fountain is officially completed and inaugurated in Rome.

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• Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as Caesar to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy.
• Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabids after a nine-month siege.
• Pope John VIII gives blessings to Branimir of Croatia and to the Croatian people, considered to be international recognition of the Croatian state.
• Sixteen-year-old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
• Dušan's Code, the constitution of the Serbian Empire, is enacted by Dušan the Mighty.
• Henry III of Castile sends Ruy González de Clavijo as ambassador to Timur to discuss the possibility of an alliance between Timur and Castile against the Ottoman Empire.
• Queen Mary I grants a royal charter to Derby School, as a grammar school for boys in Derby, England.
• In the Concert of The Hague, the Dutch Republic, the Commonwealth of England and the Kingdom of France set out their views on how the Second Northern War should end.
• The Battle of Long Sault concludes after five days in which French colonial militia, with their Huron and Algonquin allies, are defeated by the Iroquois Confederacy.
• The nobility elect John Sobieski King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
• Daniel Defoe is imprisoned on charges of seditious libel.
• The Order of St. Alexander Nevsky is instituted in Russia by Empress Catherine I. It would later be discontinued and then reinstated by the Soviet government in 1942 as the Order of Alexander Nevsky.

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• The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church.
• Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed Augusta is able to choose her successor for the Byzantine throne, after Zeno (late emperor) dies of dysentery.
• The Battle of Dun Nechtain is fought between a Pictish army under King Bridei III and the invading Northumbrians under King Ecgfrith, who are decisively defeated.
• While visiting the royal Mercian court at Sutton Walls with a view to marrying princess Ælfthryth, King Æthelberht II of East Anglia is taken captive and beheaded.
• The Second Battle of Lincoln is fought near Lincoln, England, resulting in the defeat of Prince Louis of France by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke.
• King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Estudio de Escuelas de Generales in Alcalá de Henares.
• The Battle of Alfarrobeira is fought, establishing the House of Braganza as a principal royal family of Portugal.
• John Cabot sets sail from Bristol, England, on his ship Matthew looking for a route to the west (other documents give a May 2 date).
• Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India when he arrives at Kozhikode (previously known as Calicut), India.
• Hernando Cortes defeats Panfilo de Narvaez, sent by Spain to punish him for insubordination.
• Ignatius of Loyola is seriously wounded in the Battle of Pampeluna.
• Cartographer Abraham Ortelius issues Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas.
• Shakespeare's sonnets are first published in London, perhaps illicitly, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe.
• The city of Magdeburg in Germany is seized by forces of the Holy Roman Empire and most of its inhabitants massacred, in one of the bloodiest incidents of the Thirty Years' War.

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• Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
• Pope Gregory II is elected.
• John II of Castile defeats the Infantes of Aragon at the First Battle of Olmedo.
• French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (whom Cartier had kidnapped during his first voyage).
• Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII of England, is beheaded for adultery, treason, and incest.
• Thirty Years' War: French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.
• An Act of Parliament declaring England a Commonwealth is passed by the Long Parliament. England would be a republic for the next eleven years.
• The Invasion of Jamaica begins during the Anglo-Spanish War.
• Jean-Pierre Christin developed the centigrade temperature scale.
• King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.
• American Revolutionary War: A Continental Army garrison surrenders in the Battle of The Cedars.

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• Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople.
• Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47. His first coronation was 28 years earlier, in 844, during the reign of his father Lothair I.
• First Crusade: Around 800 Jews are massacred in Worms, Germany.
• The future Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. He would become king two years later, after the death of his cousin once removed King Stephen of England.
• The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Siege of Antioch.
• Fall of Acre, the end of Crusader presence in the Holy Land.
• Bruges Matins, the nocturnal massacre of the French garrison in Bruges by members of the local Flemish militia.
• During the Battle of Buyur Lake, General Lan Yu leads a Ming army forward to crush the Mongol hordes of Tögüs Temür, the Khan of Northern Yuan.
• Alonso de Ojeda sets sail from Cádiz on his voyage to what is now Venezuela.
• The Great Siege of Malta begins, in which Ottoman forces attempt and fail to conquer Malta.
• Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.
• In Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.

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• Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
• Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
• Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Florida with 600 men - by 1536 only 4 survive.
• George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford and four other men are executed for treason.
• Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn's marriage is annulled.
• Anne of Denmark is crowned Queen of Scotland.
• Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve (1612-1676) founds the Ville Marie de Montréal.
• Emperor Ferdinand III defeats Maximilian I of Bavaria in the Battle of Zusmarshausen.
• Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette begin exploring the Mississippi River.
• Seven Years' War formally begins when Great Britain declares war on France
• French forces besieging Quebec retreat after the Royal Navy arrives to relieve the British garrison.
• The New York Stock Exchange is formed under the Buttonwood Agreement.
• Muhammad Ali becomes Wāli of Egypt.
• Emperor Napoleon I orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire.

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• Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
• Having been elected on May 9, Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
• Gov. Thado of Mohnyin becomes king of Ava.
• The Florentines drive out the Medici for a second time and Florence re-establishes itself as a republic.
• Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England.
• Santiago de Vera becomes sixth Governor-General of the Spanish colony of the Philippines.
• The Battle of Vasai concludes as the Marathas defeat the Portuguese army.
• The 14-year-old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year-old Louis-Auguste, who later becomes king of France.
• The Battle of Alamance, a pre-American Revolutionary War battle between local militia and a group of rebels called The "Regulators", occurs in present-day Alamance County, North Carolina.
• Peninsular War: The allies Spain, Portugal and United Kingdom, defeat the French at the Battle of Albuera.
• Imperial Russia signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War. The Ottoman Empire cedes Bessarabia to Russia.
• Greek War of Independence: The Turks capture the Greek town of Souli.

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• Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
• Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbogast. He is found hanging in his residence at Vienne.
• King Authari marries Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke Garibald I. A Catholic, she has great influence among the Lombard nobility.
• Abd al-Rahman I, the founder of the Arab dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries, becomes emir of Cordova, Spain.
• Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes, but also limits, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.
• Insurgent peasants led by Anabaptist pastor Thomas Müntzer were defeated at the Battle of Frankenhausen, ending the German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
• Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, stands trial in London on charges of treason, adultery and incest; she is condemned to death by a specially-selected jury.
• Cape Cod sighted by English navigator Bartholomew Gosnold.
• Johannes Kepler confirms his previously rejected discovery of the third law of planetary motion (he first discovered it on March 8 but soon rejected the idea after some initial calculations were made).
• The Peace of Münster is ratified, by which Spain acknowledges Dutch sovereignty.

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• Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
• The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
• Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, making Simon de Montfort the effective ruler of England.
• Battle of Agnadello: In northern Italy, French forces defeat the Republic of Venice.
• English colonists establish "James Fort," which would become Jamestown, Virginia, the earliest permanent English settlement in the Americas.
• The Protestant Union, a coalition of Protestant German states, is founded to defend the rights, land and safety of each member against the Catholic Church and Catholic German states.
• Henry IV of France is assassinated by Catholic zealot François Ravaillac, and Louis XIII ascends the throne.
• Four-year-old Louis XIV becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Louis XIII.
• War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral George Anson defeats the French at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre.
• Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox inoculation.
• The 6th United States Congress recesses, and the process of moving the Federal government of the United States from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., begins the following day.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

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This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

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