A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in southern Mexico, defeating queen Yohl Ik'nal and sacking the city.
• Battle of Clontarf: High King of Ireland Brian Boru defeats Viking invaders, but is killed in battle.
• Edmund Ironside succeeds his father Æthelred the Unready as King of England.
• St. George's Night Uprising commences in the Duchy of Estonia.
• The founding of the Order of the Garter by King Edward III is announced on St. George's Day.
• Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvarez Cabral reaches new coastline (Brazil).
• The Munich Reinheitsgebot (regarding the ingredients of beer) takes effect in all of Bavaria.
• Battle of Villalar: King Charles I of Spain defeats the Comuneros.
• The first public school in the United States, Boston Latin School, is founded in Boston.
• The Siege of Santo Domingo begins during the Anglo-Spanish War, and fails seven days later.

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• Year of the Six Emperors: The Roman Senate outlaws emperor Maximinus Thrax for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne.
• Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
• Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
• Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal along a line 297.5 leagues (1,250 kilometres (780 mi)) east of the Moluccas.
• The Capture of Ormuz by the East India Company ends Portuguese control of Hormuz Island.
• The second day of the Battle of Eckmühl: The Austrian army is defeated by the First French Empire army led by Napoleon and driven over the Danube in Regensburg.
• Texas Revolution: A day after the Battle of San Jacinto, forces under Texas General Sam Houston identify Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna among the captives of the battle when some of his fellow soldiers mistakenly give away his identity.
• The U.S. Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 that permitted the inscription In God We Trust be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.
• The first National League baseball game is played at the Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia.
• At noon, thousands rush to claim land in the Land Rush of 1889. Within hours the cities of Oklahoma City and Guthrie are formed with populations of at least 10,000.
• Spanish-American War: The USS Nashville captures a Spanish merchant ship.
• The 1906 Intercalated Games, now recognized as part of the official Olympic Games, open in Athens.
• The use of poison gas in World War I escalates when chlorine gas is released as a chemical weapon in the Second Battle of Ypres.
• The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting shipbuilding.

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• The Diocese of Pisa is elevated to the rank of metropolitan archdiocese by Pope Urban II
• The three-day Lisbon Massacre comes to an end with the slaughter of over 1,900 suspected Jews by Portuguese Catholics.
• Henry VIII ascends the throne of England on the death of his father, Henry VII.
• The last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, Ibrahim Lodi is defeated and killed by Babur in the First Battle of Panipat.
• The Wignacourt Aqueduct is inaugurated in Malta.
• The city of Rattanakosin, now known internationally as Bangkok, is founded on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke.
• John Adams sworn in as 1st US Vice President (nine days before George Washington)
• Tiradentes, a revolutionary leading a movement for Brazil's independence, is hanged, drawn and quartered.
• Twelve thousand Wahhabis sack Karbala, killing over three thousand inhabitants.
• Action of 21 April 1806: A French frigate escapes British forces off the coast of South Africa.
• Two Austrian army corps are driven from Landshut by a First French Empire army led by Napoleon as two French corps to the north hold off the main Austrian army on the first day of the Battle of Eckmühl.

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• The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.
• Three Genoese galleys and a Byzantine blockade runner fight their way through an Ottoman blockading fleet a few weeks before the fall of Constantinople.
• Jacques Cartier begins his first voyage to what is today the east coast of Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador.
• The sun dog phenomenon is observed over Stockholm, as later depicted in the famous painting Vädersolstavlan.
• Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament.
• Admiral Robert Blake destroys a Spanish silver fleet under heavy fire at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
• Freedom of religion is granted to the Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York City).
• Deposed monarch James II of England lays siege to Derry.
• Start of Konbaung-Hanthawaddy War, a new phase in the Burmese Civil War (1740-57).
• The Georgian king, Erekle II, abandoned by his Russian ally Count Totleben, wins a victory over Ottoman forces at Aspindza.

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• The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
• Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria).
• Empress Irene organizes a conspiracy against her son, the Byzantine emperor Constantine VI. He is deposed and blinded. Shortly after, Constantine dies of his wounds; Irene proclaims herself basileus.
• The Lisbon Massacre begins, in which accused Jews are being slaughtered by Portuguese Catholics.
• Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: After the Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms.
• In Ireland: O'Doherty's Rebellion is launched by the Burning of Derry.
• The town of Uusikaupunki (Swedish: Nystad, lit. "New Town") was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
• The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops.
• With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inheritable by a female; his daughter and successor, Maria Theresa was not born until 1717.
• Captain James Cook, still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.
• Marie Antoinette marries Louis XVI of France in a proxy wedding.

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• King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The patrician Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days.
• Peace of Ferrara between Republic of Venice, Duchy of Milan, Republic of Florence and House of Gonzaga: ending of the second campaign of the Wars in Lombardy fought until the Treaty of Lodi in 1454, which will then guarantee the conditions for the development of the Italian Renaissance.
• The cornerstone of the current St. Peter's Basilica is laid.
• Bona Sforza is crowned as queen consort of Poland.
• Trial of Martin Luther begins its second day during the assembly of the Diet of Worms. He refuses to recant his teachings despite the risk of excommunication.
• Bostonians rise up in rebellion against Sir Edmund Andros.
• Real Academia de la Historia ("Royal Academy of History") is founded in Madrid.
• American Revolution: The British advancement by sea begins; Paul Revere and other riders warn the countryside of the troop movements.
• The University of Alabama is founded in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
• American victory at the battle of Cerro Gordo opens the way for invasion of Mexico.
• "The Spirits Book" by Allan Kardec is published, marking the birth of Spiritualism in France.

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• Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized.
• The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan II.
• Kaunas Castle falls to the Teutonic Order after a month-long siege.
• Spain and Christopher Columbus sign the Capitulations of Santa Fe for his voyage to Asia to acquire spices.
• Trial of Martin Luther over his teachings begins during the assembly of the Diet of Worms. Initially intimidated, he asks for time to reflect before answering and is given a stay of one day.
• Giovanni da Verrazzano reaches New York harbor.
• Sir Ralph Abercromby attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico, in what would be one of the largest invasions of the Spanish territories in the Americas.
• Citizens of Verona begin an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces.
• The state of Virginia's secession convention votes to secede from the United States, later becoming the eighth state to join the Confederate States of America.
• American Civil War: Grierson's Raid begins: Troops under Union Army Colonel Benjamin Grierson attack central Mississippi.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Plymouth begins: Confederate forces attack Plymouth, North Carolina.
• Morelos is admitted as the 27th state of Mexico.
• Catalpa rescue: The rescue of six Fenian prisoners from Fremantle Prison in Western Australia.
• The Treaty of Shimonoseki between China and Japan is signed. This marks the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, and the defeated Qing Empire is forced to renounce its claims on Korea and to concede the southern portion of the Fengtien province, Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands to Japan.

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• Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide.
• Masada, a Jewish fortress, falls to the Romans after several months of siege, ending the First Jewish-Roman War.
• Stefan Dušan, "the Mighty", is crowned Emperor of the Serbs at Skopje, his empire occupying much of the Balkans.
• The Revolt of the Comuneros begins in Spain against the rule of Charles V.
• Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina.
• The Battle of Culloden is fought between the French-supported Jacobites and the British Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, in Scotland. After the battle many highland traditions were banned and the Highlands of Scotland were cleared of inhabitants.
• Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von Fürstenberg founds the University of Münster.
• French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of Mount Tabor: Napoleon drives Ottoman Turks across the River Jordan near Acre.
• The United States Senate ratifies the Rush-Bagot Treaty, limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain.
• The French Army captures Veracruz in the Pastry War.
• Shooting of a Māori by an English sailor results in the opening of the Wanganui Campaign of the New Zealand Wars.
• The Great Indian Peninsula Railway opens the first passenger rail in India, from Bori Bunder to Thane.
• The Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is wound up.
• American Civil War: Battle at Lee's Mills in Virginia.
• American Civil War: The District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, a bill ending slavery in the District of Columbia, becomes law.

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• The Lateran Council condemns the Council of Hieria and anathematizes its iconoclastic rulings.
• Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Battle of the Terek River. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground and Timur installs a puppet ruler on the throne.
• Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English forces, ending English domination in Northern France.
• Battle of Rain: Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.
• Irish Confederate Wars: A Confederate Irish militia is routed in the Battle of Kilrush when it attempts to halt the progress of a Royalist Army.
• The Pocotaligo Massacre triggers the start of the Yamasee War in colonial South Carolina.
• Foundation of the Kingdom of Corsica.
• Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, receives its premiere performance in London, England.
• Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language is published in London.
• Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc found the American School for the Deaf, the first American school for deaf students, in Hartford, Connecticut.
• President Abraham Lincoln calls for 75,000 Volunteers to quell the insurrection that soon became the American Civil War.

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• Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeats Emperor Otho in the Battle of Bedriacum to take power over Rome.
• After his marriage to the Christian Doubravka of Bohemia, the pagan ruler of the Polans, Mieszko I, converts to Christianity, an event considered to be the founding of the Polish state.
• Co-Emperor Otto II, a son of Otto I (the Great), marries the Byzantine princess Theophanu. She is crowned empress by Pope John XIII at Rome.
• Temür, grandson of Kublai, is elected Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan dynasty with the reigning titles Oljeitu and Chengzong.
• In England, the Yorkists under Edward IV defeat the Lancastrians under the Earl of Warwick at the Battle of Barnet; the Earl is killed and Edward IV resumes the throne.
• A celestial phenomenon is reported over Nuremberg, described as an aerial battle.
• Bussa, a slave in British-ruled Barbados, leads a slave rebellion. For this, he is remembered as the first national hero of Barbados.
• Hungary declares itself independent of Austria with Lajos Kossuth as its leader.

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