• Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the Diploma Ottonianum, recognizing John as ruler of Rome.
• The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th.
• The Treaty of Westminster is finalised between Edward IV of England and the Scottish Lord of the Isles.
• Challenge of Barletta: Tournament between 13 Italian and 13 French knights near Barletta.
• Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England, is executed for adultery.
• Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
• The Clergy Act becomes law, excluding bishops of the Church of England from serving in the House of Lords.
• With the accession of young Charles XI of Sweden, his regents begin negotiations to end the Second Northern War.
• William and Mary are proclaimed co-rulers of England.
• Massacre of Glencoe: Almost 80 Macdonalds at Glen Coe, Scotland are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange.
• Parliament of Negrete between Mapuche and Spanish authorities in Chile bring an end to the Mapuche uprising of 1723-26.
• Treaty of Giyanti signed by VOC, Pakubuwono III and Prince Mangkubumi. The treaty divides the Javanese kingdom of Mataram into two: Sunanate of Surakarta and Sultanate of Yogyakarta.
• The delegation headed by Metropolitan bishop Andrei Șaguna hands out to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria the General Petition of Romanian leaders in Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina, which demands that the Romanian nation be recognized.
• Italian unification: The Siege of Gaeta ends with the capitulation of the defending fortress, effectively bringing an end of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

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• The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen-Geist Spital in Vienna.
• English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings.
• Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity.
• Vasco da Gama with 15 ships and 800 men sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India.
• Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia.
• Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju.
• The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication.
• Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah.
• Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden.
• An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco.
• Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile.
• The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west.

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• Guo Wei, a court official, leads a military coup and declares himself emperor of the new Later Zhou.
• Henry VIII of England is recognized as supreme head of the Church of England.
• A naval expedition led by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founds Nombre de Jesús, the first of two short-lived Spanish settlements in the Strait of Magellan.
• Sir Francis Drake with an English force captures and occupies the Spanish colonial port of Cartagena de Indias for two months, obtaining a ransom and booty.
• The assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back with heavy losses.
• First session of United States Senate opens to the public.
• Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry is accused of "gerrymandering" for the first time.
• Carnival tragedy of 1823: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta.
• University College London is founded as University of London.
• Gaetano Donizetti's opera La fille du régiment receives its first performance in Paris, France.

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• Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
• In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparking the revolution in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
• The St Scholastica Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.
• Vasco da Gama sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on his second voyage to India.
• Lord Darnley, second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is found strangled following an explosion at the Kirk o' Field house in Edinburgh, Scotland, a suspected assassination.
• Huilliches in Chiloé rebel against Spanish encomenderos.
• French and Indian War: The Treaty of Paris ends the war and France cedes Quebec to Great Britain.
• Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Champaubert ends in French victory over the Russians and the Prussians.
• Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
• First Anglo-Sikh War: Battle of Sobraon: British defeat Sikhs in the final battle of the war.
• Jefferson Davis is notified by telegraph that he has been chosen as provisional President of the Confederate States of America.
• American Civil War: A Union naval flotilla destroys the bulk of the Confederate Mosquito Fleet in the Battle of Elizabeth City on the Pasquotank River in North Carolina.

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• Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
• Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
• Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake.
• Gregory XV becomes Pope, the last Pope elected by acclamation.
• The Capture of Fort Rocher takes place during the Anglo-Spanish War.
• American Revolutionary War: The British Parliament declares Massachusetts in rebellion.
• Rhode Island becomes the fourth US state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
• The Habsburg Empire joins the Russo-Turkish War in the Russian camp.
• Haiti attacks the newly established Dominican Republic on the other side of the island of Hispaniola.
• After no candidate receives a majority of electoral votes in the US presidential election of 1824, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as sixth President of the United States in a contingent election.
• The new Roman Republic is declared.
• American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States of America by the Provisional Confederate Congress at Montgomery, Alabama
• US president Ulysses S. Grant signs a joint resolution of Congress establishing the U.S. Weather Bureau.

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• Constantius III becomes co-Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
• The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir.
• Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Al Mansurah.
• The Byzantine civil war of 1341-47 ends with a power-sharing agreement between John VI Kantakouzenos and John V Palaiologos.
• Leiden University is founded, and given the motto Praesidium Libertatis.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, is executed on suspicion of having been involved in the Babington Plot to murder her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I.
• Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva is tortured by the Inquisition in Mexico, charged with concealing the practice of Judaism of his sister and her children.
• Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, rebels against Queen Elizabeth I and the revolt is quickly crushed.
• The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, America, is granted a charter by King William III and Queen Mary II.
• After two days of bitter fighting, the Russians under Bennigsen and the Prussians under L'Estocq concede the Battle of Eylau to Napoleon.
• Las Heras completes his crossing of the Andes with an army to join San Martín and liberate Chile from Spain.
• Richard Johnson becomes the first Vice President of the United States chosen by the United States Senate.

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• Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor.
• Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II.
• Edward of Caernarvon (later king Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales.
• King Thihathu founds the Pinya Kingdom as the de jure successor state of the Pagan Kingdom.
• Albert III of Mecklenburg (King Albert of Sweden) grants city rights to Ulvila (Swedish: Ulvsby).
• In Florence, Italy, supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burn cosmetics, art, and books, in a "Bonfire of the vanities".
• Guaraní War: The leader of the Guaraní rebels, Sepé Tiaraju, is killed in a skirmish with Spanish and Portuguese troops.
• American Revolutionary War: French and Spanish forces lift the Great Siege of Gibraltar.
• The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified.
• Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon finds Bennigsen's Russian forces taking a stand at Eylau. After bitter fighting, the French take the town, but the Russians resume the battle the next day.
• The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri.
• In the action of 7 February 1813 near the Îles de Los, the frigates Aréthuse and Amelia batter each other, but neither can gain the upper hand.
• Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore after just taking it over, leaving it in the hands of William Farquhar.

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• The Archdiocese of Manila is made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop.
• James II of England and VII of Scotland is proclaimed King upon the death of his brother Charles II.
• The warrior queen Dandara, leader of the runaway slaves in Quilombo dos Palmares, Brazil, is captured and commits suicide rather than be returned to a life of slavery.
• American Revolutionary War: In Paris the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France signaling official recognition of the new republic.
• New York became the third state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
• Massachusetts becomes the sixth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• Battle of San Domingo: British naval victory against the French in the Caribbean.
• Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles founds Singapore.
• The first 86 African American immigrants sponsored by the American Colonization Society depart New York to start a settlement in present-day Liberia.
• Otto becomes the first modern King of Greece.
• Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, establishing New Zealand as a British colony.
• The first minstrel show in the United States, The Virginia Minstrels, opens (Bowery Amphitheatre in New York City).
• American Civil War: Forces under the command of Ulysses S. Grant and Andrew H. Foote give the Union its first victory of the war, capturing Fort Henry, Tennessee in the Battle of Fort Henry.
• Spanish-American War: The Treaty of Paris, a peace treaty between the United States and Spain, is ratified by the United States Senate.

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• Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
• An Lushan, leader of a revolt against the Tang Dynasty, declares himself emperor and establishes the state of Yan.
• Idris I reaches Volubilis and founds the Idrisid dynasty, marking the secession of Morocco from the Abbasid caliphate and founding the first Moroccan state.
• Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
• A group of early Japanese Christians are killed by the new government of Japan for being seen as a threat to Japanese society.
• South Carolina becomes the second state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
• Spanish defeat British forces and capture Menorca.
• In Calabria, a sequence of strong earthquakes begins.
• HMS Blenheim and HMS Java disappear off the coast of Rodrigues.

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• Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrelling sons, Caracalla and Geta, whom he had instructed to make peace.
• The coronation of Zhao Kuangyin as Emperor Taizu of Song, initiating the Song dynasty period of China that would last more than three centuries.
• A strong earthquake strikes the Ionian coast of Sicily, causing tens of thousands of injuries and deaths, especially in Catania.
• Thirteen Years' War: The Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, sparking the Thirteen Years' War.
• John Rogers is burned at the stake, becoming the first English Protestant martyr under Mary I of England.
• In Edo (now Tokyo), all but one of the Forty-seven Ronin commit seppuku (ritual suicide) as recompense for avenging their master's death.
• The city of Macapá in Brazil is founded by Sebastião Veiga Cabral.
• George Washington is unanimously elected as the first President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
• The French legislature abolishes slavery throughout all territories of the French First Republic. It would be reestablished in the French West Indies in 1802.
• The Riobamba earthquake strikes Ecuador, causing up to 40,000 casualties.
• John Marshall is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States.
• Napoleonic Wars: Britain seizes Guadeloupe.
• The Chilean Navy under the command of Lord Cochrane completes the two-day long Capture of Valdivia with just 300 men and two ships.
• The Ohio Legislature authorizes the construction of the Ohio and Erie Canal and the Miami and Erie Canal.

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