• Fourth Council of Toledo takes place.
• Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona is assassinated.
• Emir Edigu of Golden Horde reaches Moscow.
• The first of the two 1456 Central Italy earthquakes measuring Mw  7.2 causes extreme destruction and kills as many as 70,000 people.
• Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes affectibus, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany.
• King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree ordering the expulsion of Jewish "heretics" from the country.
• Charles IX becomes king of France.
• Sir Francis Drake, after sailing through Strait of Magellan raids Valparaiso.
• The town of Raahe (Swedish: Brahestad) was founded by Count Per Brahe the Younger.
• Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen: Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine.

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• Austrasian king Carloman I dies, leaving his brother Charlemagne king of the now complete Frankish Kingdom.
• The Kingdom of Jerusalem captures Sidon.
• Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.
• The final session of the Council of Trent is held. (It had opened on December 13, 1545.)
• Thirty-eight colonists arrive at Berkeley Hundred, Virginia. The group's charter proclaims that the day "be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God."
• The Royal Danish Army under the command of King Christian V engages the Swedish Army commanded by the Swedish king Charles XI at the Battle of Lund, to this day it is counted as the bloodiest battle in Scandinavian history and a turning point in the Scanian War.
• Charles Edward Stuart's army reaches Derby, its furthest point during the Second Jacobite Rising.
• At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, U.S. General George Washington bids farewell to his officers.
• Mission Santa Barbara is dedicated (on the feast day of Saint Barbara).
• In the face of fierce local opposition, British Governor-General Lord William Bentinck issues a regulation declaring that anyone who abets suttee in Bengal is guilty of culpable homicide.
• The 109 Electors of the several states of the Confederate States of America unanimously elect Jefferson Davis as President and Alexander H. Stephens as Vice President.

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• Pope John X crowns Berengar I of Italy as Holy Roman Emperor (probable date).
• American Revolutionary War: USS Alfred becomes the first vessel to fly the Grand Union Flag (the precursor to the Stars and Stripes); the flag is hoisted by John Paul Jones.
• War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Wiesloch: Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Anton Sztáray defeats the French at Wiesloch.
• War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden: French General Jean Victor Marie Moreau decisively defeats the Archduke John of Austria near Munich. Coupled with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte's earlier victory at Marengo, this will force the Austrians to sign an armistice and end the war.
• United States presidential election: The Electoral College casts votes for president and vice president that resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
• Illinois becomes the 21st U.S. state.
• The Zollverein (German Customs Union) begins the first regular census in Germany.
• Battle of the Eureka Stockade: More than 20 gold miners at Ballarat, Victoria, are killed by state troopers in an uprising over mining licences.
• The first issue of Tamperean daily newspaper Aamulehti ("Morning Paper") is published.
• The Duquesne Country and Athletic Club defeats an all-star collection of early football players 16-0, in what is considered to be the very first all-star game for professional American football.
• The Jovian moon Himalia is discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at California's Lick Observatory.

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• Pope Innocent IV arrives at Lyon for the First Council of Lyon.
• The University of Leipzig opens.
• St Paul's Cathedral, rebuilt to the design of Sir Christopher Wren following the Great Fire of London, is consecrated.
• Swedish parliament approves the Swedish Freedom of the Press Act and implements it as a ground law, thus being first in the world with freedom of speech.
• At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself Emperor of the French.
• War of the Third Coalition: Battle of Austerlitz: French troops under Napoleon decisively defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force.
• Monroe Doctrine: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President James Monroe proclaims American neutrality in future European conflicts, and warns European powers not to interfere in the Americas.
• Manifest Destiny: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President James K. Polk proposes that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.
• Franz Joseph I becomes Emperor of Austria.
• French President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte overthrows the Second Republic.
• Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte becomes Emperor of the French as Napoleon III.
• Militant abolitionist leader John Brown is hanged for his October 16 raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.
• Alabama ratifies the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, followed by North Carolina, then Georgia; U.S. slaves were legally free within two weeks.

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• A council is convened in the Vatican, at which Charlemagne is to judge the accusations against Pope Leo III.
• Henry V of England enters Paris alongside his father-in-law King Charles VI of France.
• Courtiers Christopher Hatton and Thomas Heneage are knighted by Queen Elizabeth I of England.
• End of the Iberian Union: Portugal acclaims as King João IV of Portugal, ending 59 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain and the end of the rule of the Philippine Dynasty.
• Diarist John Evelyn records skating on the frozen lake in St James's Park, London, watched by Charles II and Queen Catherine.
• The former slave ship Fredensborg sinks off Tromøya in Norway.
• José Núñez de Cáceres wins the independence of the Dominican Republic from Spain and names the new territory the Republic of Spanish Haiti.
• Pedro I is crowned Emperor of Brazil.
• Argentine general Juan Lavalle makes a coup against governor Manuel Dorrego, beginning the Decembrist revolution.
• In his State of the Union Address President Abraham Lincoln reaffirms the necessity of ending slavery as ordered ten weeks earlier in the Emancipation Proclamation.
• Shaw University, the first historically black university in the southern United States, is founded in Raleigh, North Carolina.

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• Queen Anne's War: The second Siege of Pensacola comes to end with the failure of the British Empire and their Creek allies to capture Pensacola, Spanish Florida.
• Great Northern War: King Charles XII of Sweden dies during a siege of the fortress of Fredriksten in Norway.
• The Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under Pietro Leopoldo I, becomes the first modern state to abolish the death penalty (later commemorated as Cities for Life Day).
• The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and Philippines.
• In New Orleans, Spanish representatives officially transfer the Louisiana Territory to an official from the French First Republic. Just 20 days later, France transfers the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase.
• The Democratic-Republican-controlled United States Senate begins an impeachment trial of Federalist Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase.
• First Welland Canal opens for a trial run, five years to the day from the ground breaking.
• Crimean War: Battle of Sinop: The Imperial Russian Navy under Pavel Nakhimov destroys the Ottoman fleet under Osman Pasha at Sinop, a sea port in northern Turkey.
• American Civil War: The Confederate Army of Tennessee suffers heavy losses in an attack on the Union Army of the Ohio in the Battle of Franklin.

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• Following the death of King Chlothar I at Compiègne, his four sons, Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I, divide the Frankish Kingdom.
• The Abbasid army under Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib defeats the Qarmatians at the Battle of Hama.
• The papal conclave of 1549-50 begins.
• The Battle of Swally takes place, which loosens the Portuguese Empire's hold on India.
• Natchez Indians massacre 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie, near the site of modern-day Natchez, Mississippi.
• The magnitude 6.6 Irpinia earthquake causes 1,940 deaths in the former Kingdom of Naples, southern Italy.
• San Jose, California, is founded as Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe by José Joaquín Moraga. It is the first civilian settlement, or pueblo, in Alta California.
• The crew of the British slave ship Zong murders 54 Africans by dumping them into the sea to claim insurance, beginning the Zong massacre.
• John VI of Portugal flees Lisbon from advancing Napoleonic forces during the Peninsular War, transferring the Portuguese court to Brazil.
• An armed rebellion against Russia's rule in Poland begins.
• The Sonderbund is defeated by the joint forces of other Swiss cantons under General Guillaume-Henri Dufour.
• Missionaries Dr. Marcus Whitman, his wife Narcissa, and 15 others are killed by Cayuse and Umatilla Indians, causing the Cayuse War.

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• Treaty of Andelot: King Guntram of Burgundy recognizes Childebert II as his heir.
• Shi Jingtang is enthroned as the first emperor of the Later Jin by Emperor Taizong of Liao, following a revolt against Emperor Fei of Later Tang.
• Skanderbeg and his forces liberate Kruja in central Albania and raise the Albanian flag.
• Champa-Đại Việt War: Emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Đại Việt formally launches his attack against Champa.
• An expedition under the command of Ferdinand Magellan passes through the Strait of Magellan.
• In Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway pay a £40 (equivalent to £11,783 in 2020) bond for their marriage licence.
• The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy has its greatest and last victory in the Battle of Oliwa.
• At Gresham College, twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society.
• At least 3,000 men of the Royal Scots Army led by Tam Dalyell of the Binns defeat about 900 Covenanter insurgents led by James Wallace of Auchens in the Battle of Rullion Green.
• The first Treaty of Hopewell is signed, by which the United States acknowledges Cherokee lands in what is now East Tennessee.
• Trade between the United States and modern-day Uruguay begins when John Leamy's frigate John arrives in Montevideo.
• Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 in E-flat major, Op. 73, premieres at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig.
• The Times of London becomes the first newspaper to be produced on a steam-powered printing press, built by the German team of Koenig & Bauer.
• Panama Independence Day: Panama separates from Spain and joins Gran Colombia.
• Ka Lā Hui (Hawaiian Independence Day): The Kingdom of Hawaii is officially recognized by the United Kingdom and France as an independent nation.

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• Luoyang is declared capital of the Eastern Han dynasty by Emperor Guangwu of Han.
• Emperor Marcus Aurelius grants his son Commodus the rank of "Imperator" and makes him Supreme Commander of the Roman legions.
• Rufinus, praetorian prefect of the East, is murdered by Gothic mercenaries under Gainas.
• Byzantine Emperor Maurice is forced to watch as the usurper Phocas executes his five sons before Maurice is beheaded himself.
• Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.
• The foundation stone to the Jerusalem Church in Berlin is laid.
• The Berners Street hoax is perpetrated by Theodore Hook in the City of Westminster, London.
• Adoption of Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland.
• Saint Catherine Labouré experiences a Marian apparition.
• James Pratt and John Smith are hanged in London; they are the last two to be executed for sodomy in England.
• In Boston, Massachusetts, the American Statistical Association is founded.

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• The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her king from retaking the throne from Mauregatus.
• Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dynasty ships on the Yangtze river during the Jin-Song Wars.
• Vlad the Impaler defeats Basarab Laiota with the help of Stephen the Great and Stephen V Báthory and becomes the ruler of Wallachia for the third time.
• In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to visit Maui.
• A national Thanksgiving Day is observed in the United States as proclaimed by President George Washington at the request of Congress.
• Official opening of Thomas Telford's Pontcysyllte Aqueduct.
• The Battle of Berezina begins during Napoleon's retreat from Russia.
• An earthquake as high as magnitude 8.8 rocks the Banda Sea, triggering a tsunami and killing at least 60 in the Dutch East Indies.
• Battle of Papudo: A Spanish navy schooner is defeated by a Chilean corvette north of Valparaíso, Chile.
• HMS Bulwark is destroyed by a large internal explosion with the loss of 741 men near Sheerness.
• The National Hockey League is formed, with the Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators, Quebec Bulldogs, and Toronto Arenas as its first teams.

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