A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
• Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
• In the conflict between King Henry III of England and his rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, King Louis IX of France issues the Mise of Amiens, a one-sided decision in favour of Henry that later leads to the Second Barons' War.
• In a coronation ceremony, Zhu Yuanzhang ascends the throne of China as the Hongwu Emperor, initiating Ming dynasty rule over China that would last for three centuries.
• James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent for the infant King James VI of Scotland, is assassinated by firearm, the first recorded instance of such.
• The Royal Exchange opens in London.
• The Union of Utrecht forms a Protestant republic in the Netherlands.
• Blaise Pascal publishes the first of his Lettres provinciales.
• The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire.
• Georgetown College, the first Catholic university in the United States, is founded in Georgetown, Maryland (now a part of Washington, D.C.) when Bishop John Carroll, Rev. Robert Molyneux, and Rev. John Ashton purchase land for the proposed academy for the education of youth.
• Second Partition of Poland.
• After an extraordinary charge across the frozen Zuiderzee, the French cavalry captured 14 Dutch ships and 850 guns, in a rare occurrence of a battle between ships and cavalry.

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• Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (Caesar) by his father Heraclius at Constantinople.
• Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vikings at Basing.
• The first contingent of 150 Swiss Guards arrives at the Vatican.
• The Ottoman Empire under Selim I defeats the Mamluk Sultanate and captures present-day Egypt at the Battle of Ridaniya.
• The Ava Kingdom falls to the Taungoo Dynasty in what is now Myanmar.
• The Convention Parliament convenes to determine whether James II and VII, the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Ireland and Scotland, had vacated the thrones of England and Ireland when he fled to France in 1688.
• The Portuguese royal family arrives in Brazil after fleeing the French army's invasion of Portugal two months earlier.
• The Ashantis defeat British forces in the Gold Coast.
• Second Anglo-Sikh War: The Siege of Multan ends after nine months when the last Sikh defenders of Multan, Punjab, surrender.
• The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement is to regain Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth from occupation by Russia.
• The Battle of Isandlwana during the Anglo-Zulu War results in a British defeat.
• The Battle of Rorke's Drift, also during the Anglo-Zulu War and just some 15 km away from Isandlwana, results in a British victory.
• The United Mine Workers of America is founded in Columbus, Ohio.

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• The Praetorian Guard storm the palace and capture Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day, Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed emperor, the sixth emperor of the year.
• Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12.
• Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo of Tripoli sack Thessaloniki, the Byzantine Empire's second-largest city, after a short siege, and plunder it for a week.
• Battle of Firenzuola: Lombard forces under King Rudolph II and Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, defeat the dethroned Emperor Berengar I of Italy at Firenzuola (Tuscany).
• Byzantine-Bulgarian wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, and his subsequent treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of a heart attack less than three months later, on October 6.
• Count Dirk III defeats an army sent by Emperor Henry II in the Battle of Vlaardingen.
• Ladejarl-Fairhair succession wars: Battle of Stiklestad: King Olaf II fights and dies trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes.
• The Siege of Damascus ends in a decisive crusader defeat and leads to the disintegration of the Second Crusade.
• The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Duke of Albany, at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Scotland.
• The infant James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.
• Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: English naval forces under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake defeat the Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France.
• War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Landen: France wins a Pyrrhic victory over Allied forces in the Netherlands.
• Founding of the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps: General George Washington appoints William Tudor as Judge Advocate of the Continental Army.
• French physicist Augustin Fresnel submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the Diffraction of Light", precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of light.

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• Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
• La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines, is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country.
• In the Eighty Years' War, the Spanish capture the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans.
• Second Northern War: Battle of Warsaw begins.
• on 28 July, the composer, organist and harpsichordist Johann Sebastian Bach dies.
• Constitution of the province of Cantabria ratified at the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain.
• French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.
• Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
• Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.
• José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
• USS Constellation (1854), the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy and now a museum ship in Baltimore Harbor, is commissioned.
• American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church: Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia.
• At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream becomes the first and youngest female artist to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue (of Abraham Lincoln).
• The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is certified, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.

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• Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland somewhere north of the Firth of Forth.
• Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade.
• Georgian-Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum.
• Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England's Angevin Empire.
• According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state.
• Battle of Bapheus: Decisive Ottoman victory over the Byzantines opening up Bithynia for Turkish conquest.
• The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan.
• The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act.
• Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites.
• A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England.
• The Great Northern War: The first significant victory of the Russian Navy in the naval battle of Gangut against the Swedish Navy near the Hanko Peninsula.
• Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing "an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men."

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• First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I.
• Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seriously wounded.
• Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from Navarre and Léon against the Muslims at the Battle of Valdejunquera.
• Henry VII is recognized King of the Romans by Pope Clement V.
• The Emperor Krishnadevaraya ascends to the throne, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• Francisco Pizarro González, Spanish conquistador, is appointed governor of Peru.
• Francis Drake, the English explorer, discovers a major bay on the coast of California (San Francisco).
• Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Act of Abjuration): The northern Low Countries declare their independence from the Spanish king, Philip II.
• During the Bavarian Rummel the rural population of Tyrol drove the Bavarian Prince-Elector Maximilian II Emanuel out of North Tyrol with a victory at the Pontlatzer Bridge and thus prevented the Bavarian Army, which was allied with France, from marching as planned on Vienna during the War of the Spanish Succession.
• French and Indian War: The Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

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• Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
• Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls.
• The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings.
• Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux.
• Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal.
• The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
• The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile.
• The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively.

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• Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
• Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
• Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle: King Edward I of England takes the stronghold using the War Wolf.
• Battle of Harlaw, one of the bloodiest battles in Scotland, takes place.
• Behnam Hadloyo becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin.
• Citizens of Leeuwarden, Netherlands, strike against a ban on foreign beer.
• French explorer Jacques Cartier plants a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and takes possession of the territory in the name of Francis I of France.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate and replaced by her one-year-old son James VI.
• Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founds the trading post at Fort Pontchartrain, which later becomes the city of Detroit.
• The Kingdom of Georgia and the Russian Empire sign the Treaty of Georgievsk.
• War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward the Niagara River to halt Jacob Brown's American invaders.
• Afro-Chileans are emancipated.
• In Maracaibo, Venezuela, the naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo takes place, where Admiral José Prudencio Padilla defeats the Spanish Navy, thus culminating the independence for the Gran Colombia.
• After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City.

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• Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I plunders the Bulgarian capital of Pliska and captures Khan Krum's treasury.
• A Knights Hospitaller fleet scores a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet off Chios.
• Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe, France.
• Scanian War: Denmark-Norway captures the harbor town of Marstrand from Sweden.
• Kingdom of Prussia re-conquers Mainz from France.
• Sir Thomas Maitland is appointed as the first Governor of Malta, transforming the island from a British protectorate to a de facto colony.
• While the Mora Rebellion continues, Greeks capture Monemvasia Castle. Turkish troops and citizens are transferred to Asia Minor's coasts.
• In the United States, William Austin Burt patents the typographer, a precursor to the typewriter.
• American Civil War: Henry Halleck takes command of the Union Army.

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• Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids.
• First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• Massacre at Béziers: The first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade.
• Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England and his longbowmen defeat William Wallace and his Scottish schiltrons outside the town of Falkirk.
• St. Mary Magdalene's flood is the worst such event on record for central Europe.
• Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl in the Old Zürich War.
• Ottoman wars in Europe: Siege of Belgrade: John Hunyadi, Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, defeats Mehmet II of the Ottoman Empire.
• Battle of Lochmaben Fair: A 500-man raiding party led by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas are defeated by Scots forces loyal to Albany's brother James III of Scotland; Douglas is captured.
• Battle of Dornach: The Swiss decisively defeat the army of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Roanoke Colony: A second group of English settlers arrives on Roanoke Island off North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony.
• The Dutch city of Groningen defended by the Spanish and besieged by a Dutch and English army under Maurice of Orange, capitulates.
• William Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice, is entered on the Stationers’ Register. By decree of Queen Elizabeth, the Stationers’ Register licensed printed works, giving the Crown tight control over all published material.
• Albany, New York is formally chartered as a municipality by Governor Thomas Dongan.

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