A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
• Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius).
• Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy.
• Baldwin IV, 13, becomes King of Jerusalem, with Raymond III, Count of Tripoli as regent and William of Tyre as chancellor.
• Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch): A coalition around the Flemish cities defeats the king of France's royal army.
• Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans.
• Ming admiral Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time.
• Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.
• Giuliano della Rovere is appointed bishop of Coutances.
• While exploring the North Atlantic Ocean in an attempt to find the Northwest Passage, Martin Frobisher sights Greenland, mistaking it for the hypothesized (but non-existent) island of "Frisland".
• Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec.

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• Emperor Hadrian dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
• Isshi Incident: Prince Naka-no-Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari assassinate Soga no Iruka during a coup d'état at the imperial palace.
• The Norse King Glúniairn recognises Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland, and agrees to pay taxes and accept Brehon Law; the event is considered to be the founding of the city of Dublin.
• King Canute IV of Denmark is killed by rebellious peasants.
• Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, defeats the king's Lancastrian forces and takes King Henry VI prisoner in the Battle of Northampton.
• The Portuguese explorer Nicolau Coelho returns to Lisbon after discovering the sea route to India as a companion of Vasco da Gama.
• The Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre commences with the capture of Goizueta.
• Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, beginning the Prince of Ning rebellion, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing.
• Lady Jane Grey takes the throne of England.
• William I of Orange is assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland, by Balthasar Gérard.

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• Hadrian, who became emperor a year ago on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
• The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I.
• Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theoderic the Great in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric forces Odoacer back into Ravenna.
• A major earthquake strikes Beirut, triggering a devastating tsunami that affected the coastal towns of Byzantine Phoenicia, causing thousands of deaths.
• Korean forces under general Kim Yu-sin of Silla defeat the army of Baekje in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol.
• The Fatimid general Jawhar leads the Friday prayer in Fustat in the name of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, thereby symbolically completing the Fatimid conquest of Egypt.
• Emperor Charles IV assists in laying the foundation stone of Charles Bridge in Prague.
• The Old Swiss Confederacy makes great strides in establishing control over its territory by soundly defeating the Duchy of Austria in the Battle of Sempach.
• Timur attacks the Jalairid Sultanate and destroys Baghdad.

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• Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch.
• Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese fleet, defeats an Angevin fleet sent to put down a rebellion on Malta.
• Vasco da Gama sets sail on the first direct European voyage to India.
• Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, is discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan.
• Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal charter to Rhode Island.
• Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava, thus effectively ending Sweden's status as a major power in Europe.
• The Battle of Dynekilen forces Sweden to abandon its invasion of Norway.
• French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York.
• British forces defeat French forces in the last naval battle in New France.
• The Olive Branch Petition is signed by the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America.
• Church bells (possibly including the Liberty Bell) are rung after John Nixon delivers the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence of the United States.
• Promulgation of the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter Joseph Bonaparte intended as the basis for his rule as king of Spain.

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• The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
• Spanish conquistadores defeat a larger Aztec army at the Battle of Otumba.
• Jacques Cartier makes his first contact with aboriginal peoples in what is now Canada.
• The Raid of the Redeswire is the last major battle between England and Scotland.
• The Treaty of Nemours abolishes tolerance to Protestants in France.
• An English fleet completes the destruction of a French merchant fleet off Fort St Pierre, Martinique during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
• The Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire takes place.
• American forces retreating from Fort Ticonderoga are defeated in the Battle of Hubbardton.
• As a result of the XYZ Affair, the US Congress rescinds the Treaty of Alliance with France sparking the "Quasi-War".
• The first Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia is signed, ending hostilities between the two countries in the War of the Fourth Coalition.
• In New York City, four nights of rioting against abolitionists began.
• US troops occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the US conquest of California.
• Four conspirators in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln are hanged.

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• Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt).
• Mindaugas is crowned King of Lithuania.
• Pope Clement VI issues a papal bull protecting the Jews accused of having caused the Black Death.
• Ming China's Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after the third treasure voyage and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming-Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor.
• Jan Hus is condemned by the assembly of the council in the Konstanz Cathedral as a heretic and sentenced to be burned at the stake. (See Deaths section.)
• A temporary compromise between the rebellious Transylvanian peasants and the noblemen is signed in Kolozsmonostor Abbey.
• Richard III is crowned King of England.
• Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of the Congo River.
• First Italian War: Battle of Fornovo: Charles VIII defeats the Holy League.
• Sir Thomas More is executed for treason against King Henry VIII of England.
• King Philip II of Spain, consort of Queen Mary I of England, sets out from Dover to war with France, which eventually resulted in the loss of the City of Calais, the last English possession on the continent, and Mary I never seeing her husband again.
• The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed by Scotland and England.
• Córdoba, Argentina, is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera.
• French Wars of Religion: Siege of La Rochelle ends.

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• The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.
• The Burgundian and Majorcan claimants of the Principality of Achaea meet in the Battle of Manolada.
• Portuguese forces under the command of Pedro Lopes de Sousa begin an unsuccessful invasion of the Kingdom of Kandy during the Campaign of Danture in Sri Lanka.
• John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
• Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
• The Battle of Chesma between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire begins.
• The Second Continental Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition.
• The Convention of Artlenburg is signed, leading to the French occupation of the Electorate of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
• In Buenos Aires the local militias repel the British soldiers within the Second English Invasion.
• The Battle of Wagram between the French and Austrian Empires begins.
• The Venezuelan Declaration of Independence is adopted by a congress of the provinces.

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• Pactum Sicardi, a peace treaty between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples, is signed.
• Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized as a saint.
• Jordan II of Capua is anointed as prince after his infant nephew's death.
• The Crusades: Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.
• Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlì surrenders to the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz.
• Ottoman-Hungarian wars: The Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) begins.

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• Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
• Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolution in 1792.
• Québec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain.
• French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French forces.
• Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, is founded and the first edition is published.
• American Revolutionary War: George Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• American Revolutionary War: Iroquois allied to Britain kill 360 people in the Wyoming Valley massacre.
• The Bank for Savings in the City of New-York, the first savings bank in the United States, opens.
• The first state normal school in the United States, the forerunner to today's Framingham State University, opens in Lexington, Massachusetts with three students.
• Governor-General Peter von Scholten emancipates all remaining slaves in the Danish West Indies.

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• Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
• Li Shimin, the future Emperor Taizong of Tang, ambushes and kills his rival brothers Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng in the Xuanwu Gate Incident.
• In China, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang inters the bodies of relatives in the Qianling Mausoleum, located on Mount Liang outside Chang'an.
• Battle of Brissarthe: The Franks led by Robert the Strong are defeated by a joint Breton-Viking army.
• King Henry the Fowler dies in his royal palace in Memleben. He is succeeded by his son Otto I, who becomes the ruler of East Francia.
• The Byzantine army proclaims Nikephoros II Phokas Emperor of the Romans on the plains outside Cappadocian Caesarea.
• The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.
• The Treaty of Tordesillas is ratified by Spain.
• Bogdan III the One-Eyed becomes Voivode of Moldavia.
• Ottoman Admiral Turgut Reis sacks the Italian city of Paola.
• Menas, emperor of Ethiopia, defeats a revolt in Emfraz.

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