A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
• Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the Ostrogoth king, Totila, is mortally wounded.
• Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders led by prince Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Seljuk army led by sultan Kilij Arslan I.
• Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés fight their way out of Tenochtitlan after nightfall.
• Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake by Roman Catholic authorities in Brussels.
• Union of Lublin: The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania confirm a real union; the united country is called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or the Republic of Both Nations.
• First meeting of the Westminster Assembly, a council of theologians ("divines") and members of the Parliament of England appointed to restructure the Church of England, at Westminster Abbey in London.
• Glorious Revolution: Battle of the Boyne in Ireland (as reckoned under the Julian calendar).
• François-Jean de la Barre, a young French nobleman, is tortured and beheaded before his body is burnt on a pyre along with a copy of Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique nailed to his torso for the crime of not saluting a Roman Catholic religious procession in Abbeville, France.
• Lexell's Comet is seen closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of 0.0146 astronomical units (2,180,000 km; 1,360,000 mi).

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• Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
• The Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus.
• Spanish forces defeat a combined French and Navarrese army at the Battle of Noáin during the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.
• King Henry II of France is mortally wounded in a jousting match against Gabriel, comte de Montgomery.
• The Spanish held Castillo San Felipe del Morro in San Juan, Puerto Rico having been besieged for fifteen days, surrenders to an English force under Sir George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland.
• The University of Tartu was founded.
• The Immortal Seven issue the Invitation to William, which would culminate in the Glorious Revolution.
• Seven Years' War: Habsburg Austrian forces destroy a Prussian reinforcement and supply convoy in the Battle of Domstadtl, helping to expel Prussian King Frederick the Great from Moravia.
• Northwest Indian War: Native American forces under Blue Jacket attack Fort Recovery.
• French acrobat Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope.

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• Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei.
• Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi.
• Sverre is crowned King of Norway, leading to his excommunication by the Catholic Church and civil war.
• Skanderbeg defeats an Ottoman invasion force at Torvioll.
• The Dutch city of Dordrecht is devastated by fire
• Jacques Cartier is the first European to reach Prince Edward Island.
• The Globe Theatre in London, built by William Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, burns to the ground.
• Charles I of England defeats a Parliamentarian detachment at the Battle of Cropredy Bridge.
• At the Battle of Konotop the Ukrainian armies of Ivan Vyhovsky defeat the Russians led by Prince Trubetskoy.
• Alexander Macdonell and over five hundred Roman Catholic highlanders leave Scotland to settle in Glengarry County, Ontario.

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• The Republic of Ragusa is founded.
• Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England.
• Americo Vespucci, on Spanish financed trip, sights coast south of Cape Cassipore.
• The thirteen Stratford Martyrs are burned at the stake near London for their Protestant beliefs.
• In the Battle of Dettingen, George II becomes the last reigning British monarch to participate in a battle.
• Anglo-Cherokee War: Cherokee warriors defeat British forces at the Battle of Echoee near present-day Otto, North Carolina.
• British forces take Buenos Aires during the first of the British invasions of the River Plate.
• Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, and his brother Hyrum Smith, are killed by a mob at the Carthage, Illinois jail.
• American Civil War: Confederate forces defeat Union forces during the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain during the Atlanta Campaign.
• The first solo circumnavigation of the globe is completed by Joshua Slocum from Briar Island, Nova Scotia.
• During the Russo-Japanese War, sailors start a mutiny aboard the Russian battleship Potemkin.
• Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Giichi convenes an eleven-day conference to discuss Japan's strategy in China. The Tanaka Memorial, a forged plan for world domination, is later claimed to be a secret report leaked from this conference.

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• Roman emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar.
• Roman emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sasanian Empire.
• Pope Benedict II is chosen.
• En no Ozuno, a Japanese mystic and apothecary who will later be regarded as the founder of a folk religion Shugendō, is banished to Izu Ōshima.
• Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Köse Dağ.
• Przemysł II crowned king of Poland, following Ducal period. The white eagle is added to the Polish coat of arms.
• Ulrich von Jungingen becomes Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
• Western Schism: The Roman Catholic Church is led into a double schism as Petros Philargos is crowned Pope Alexander V after the Council of Pisa, joining Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XII in Avignon.
• Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and Edward, Earl of March, land in England with a rebel army and march on London.
• Richard III becomes King of England.
• Ottomans begin the second Siege of Rhodes.
• Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in Lima by the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego de Almagro the younger. Almagro is later caught and executed.

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• The Franks are defeated by the Burgundians in the Battle of Vézeronce.
• In the Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye, forces led by Charles the Bald and Louis the German defeat the armies of Lothair I of Italy and Pepin II of Aquitaine.
• At the Diet of Augsburg the Augsburg Confession is presented to the Holy Roman Emperor by the Lutheran princes and Electors of Germany.
• Spanish forces fail to retake Jamaica at the Battle of Rio Nuevo during the Anglo-Spanish War.
• Venetian Elena Cornaro Piscopia is the first woman awarded a doctorate of philosophy when she graduates from the University of Padua.
• Maria Theresa is crowned Queen of Hungary.
• Gavriil Pribylov discovers St. George Island of the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea.
• Virginia becomes the tenth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• A photograph of the June Days uprising becomes the first known instance of photojournalism.
• Battle of the Little Bighorn and the death of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.

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• Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Rome.
• Julius Nepos forces Roman usurper Glycerius to abdicate the throne and proclaims himself Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
• The Battle of Moira is fought between the High King of Ireland and the Kings of Ulster and Dál Riata. It is claimed to be the largest battle in the history of Ireland.
• The Vikings sack French city of Nantes.
• Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces, takes place.
• Battle of São Mamede, near Guimarães: Forces led by Afonso I defeat forces led by his mother Teresa of León and her lover Fernando Pérez de Traba.
• The Siege of Jaén begins, in the context of the Spanish Reconquista.
• First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn concludes with a decisive victory by Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce.
• Hundred Years' War: Battle of Sluys: The French fleet is almost completely destroyed by the English fleet commanded in person by King Edward III.
• A sudden outbreak of St. John's Dance causes people in the streets of Aachen, Germany, to experience hallucinations and begin to jump and twitch uncontrollably until they collapse from exhaustion.
• John Cabot lands in North America at Newfoundland leading the first European exploration of the region since the Vikings.
• Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon are crowned King and Queen of England.
• The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded.
• English King Henry VIII commands his 4th wife, Anne of Cleves, to leave the court.

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• Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
• War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
• The Spanish Reconquista: In the Battle of Moclín the Emirate of Granada ambush a superior pursuing force, killing most of them in a military disaster for the Kingdom of Castile.
• A peace treaty between the Flemish and the French is signed at Athis-sur-Orge.
• First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn (south of Stirling) begins.
• Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France sign the "Treaty of Closer Amity With France" (also known as the Pommeraye treaty), pledging mutual aid against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Dragut, commander of the Ottoman navy, dies during the Great Siege of Malta.
• The Action of Faial, Azores. The Portuguese carrack Cinco Chagas, loaded with slaves and treasure, is attacked and sunk by English ships with only 13 survivors out of over 700 on board.
• The mutinous crew of Henry Hudson's fourth voyage sets Henry, his son and seven loyal crew members adrift in an open boat in what is now Hudson Bay; they are never heard from again.
• William Penn signs a friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania.
• The French residents of Acadia are given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia, Canada.

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• Battle of Versinikia: The Bulgars led by Krum defeat the Byzantine army near Edirne. Emperor Michael I is forced to abdicate in favor of Leo V the Armenian.
• The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine).
• Fatahillah expels Portuguese forces from Sunda Kelapa, now regarded as the foundation of Jakarta.
• Battle of Sisak: Allied Christian troops defeat the Ottomans.
• The Holy Office in Rome forces Galileo Galilei to recant his view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe in the form he presented it in, after heated controversy.
• The British pass the Quebec Act, setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.
• A poisonous cloud caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano in Iceland reaches Le Havre in France.
• In the Chesapeake-Leopard affair, the British warship HMS Leopard attacks and boards the American frigate USS Chesapeake.
• War of 1812: After learning of American plans for a surprise attack on Beaver Dams in Ontario, Laura Secord sets out on a 30 kilometer journey on foot to warn Lieutenant James FitzGibbon.
• The United States Department of Justice is created by the U.S. Congress.
• The Royal Navy battleship HMS Camperdown accidentally rams the British Mediterranean Fleet flagship HMS Victoria which sinks taking 358 crew with her, including the fleet's commander, Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon.
• British colonial officers Charles Walter Rand and Lt. Charles Egerton Ayerst are assassinated in Pune, Maharashtra, India by the Chapekar brothers and Mahadeo Vinayak Ranade, who are later caught and hanged.
• Spanish-American War: In a chaotic operation, 6,000 men of the U.S. Fifth Army Corps begins landing at Daiquirí, Cuba, about 16 miles (26 km) east of Santiago de Cuba. Lt. Gen. Arsenio Linares y Pombo of the Spanish Army outnumbers them two-to-one, but does not oppose the landings.

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• A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date).
• Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong of the Yuan.
• French forces are driven out of northern Italy by Spain at the Battle of Landriano during the War of the League of Cognac.
• Sengoku period: Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful of the Japanese daimyōs, is forced to commit suicide by his own general Akechi Mitsuhide.
• Execution of 27 Czech noblemen on the Old Town Square in Prague as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.
• In Montreal in New France, a slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique is put to death, having been convicted of setting the fire that destroyed much of the city.
• Halifax, Nova Scotia, is founded.
• James Otis Jr. offends the King and Parliament in a speech to the Massachusetts General Court.
• New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify the Constitution of the United States.
• King Louis XVI of France and his immediate family begin the Flight to Varennes during the French Revolution.
• Irish Rebellion of 1798: The British Army defeats Irish rebels at the Battle of Vinegar Hill.
• Peninsular War: Wellington defeats Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria.
• Greek War of Independence: Egyptian forces capture Psara in the Aegean Sea.

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