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Part 1 on Penal Substitution: https://youtu.be/WHx21LQncFI

Dr. Jacobs continues his examination of Eastern and Western atonement theology by analyzing key theological concepts through both traditions' interpretive lenses. The episode explores how East and West understand sin, wrath, and Christ's role as mediator, and finally, addressing the philosophical problems Dr. Jacobs identifies with penal substitution theory. 

00:00:00 Intro 

00:13:54 Delineating the Latin West / Christian East

00:20:07 Roadmap for the episode 

00:26:31 Interpretive lenses when reading scripture or the church fathers 

00:32:30 “Sin” East and West 

00:36:44 “Wrath” East and West

00:44:53 “Mediator” East and West 

00:59:32 Anachronism in reading biblical text (Leviticus 16) 

01:05:23 Other language in scripture 

01:11:05 The debtor metaphors relating to Christ

01:14:48 What are we made to become? 

01:35:40 Penal substitution is philosophically problematic — Justice & Mercy 

01:47:57 Problem 2 — “I love Jesus, but God the Father is terrifying”

01:52:38 Christ & the torments of Hell

01:56:38 How could anyone else be condemned? 

02:03:13 Does retributive justice set the world right?