Allen Young

https://youtu.be/lSKf4C7CnZ8

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, according to Wikipedia. Wikipedia also explains the following about proteomics.

Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, with many functions such as the formation of structural fibers of muscle tissue, enzymatic digestion of food, or synthesis and replication of DNA. In addition, other kinds of proteins include antibodies that protect an organism from infection, and hormones that send important signals throughout the body.

The proteome is the entire set of proteins produced or modified by an organism or system. Proteomics enables the identification of ever-increasing numbers of proteins. This varies with time and distinct requirements, or stresses, that a cell or organism undergoes.

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Proteomics is an interdisciplinary domain that has benefited greatly from the genetic information of various genome projects, including the Human Genome Project. It covers the exploration of proteomes from the overall level of protein composition, structure, and activity, and is an important component of functional genomics.

Proteomics generally denotes the large-scale experimental analysis of proteins and proteomes, but often refers specifically to protein purification and mass spectrometry. Indeed, mass spectrometry is the most powerful method for analysis of proteomes, both in large samples composed of millions of cells and in single cells.

Complexity of the problem in proteomics.

After genomics and transcriptomics, proteomics is the next step in the study of biological systems. It is more complicated than genomics because an organism's genome is more or less constant, whereas proteomes differ from cell to cell and from time to time. Distinct genes are expressed in different cell types, which means that even the basic set of proteins produced in a cell must be identified.

In the past this phenomenon was assessed by RNA analysis, which was found to lack correlation with protein content. It is now known that mRNA is not always translated into protein, and the amount of protein produced for a given amount of mRNA depends on the gene it is transcribed from and on the cell's physiological state. Proteomics confirms the presence of the protein and provides a direct measure of its quantity.

Post-translational modifications. Not only does the translation from mRNA cause differences, but many proteins also are subjected to a wide variety of chemical modifications after translation. The most common and widely studied post-translational modifications include phosphorylation and glycosylation. Many of these post-translational modifications are critical to the protein's function.

Phosphorylation. One such modification is phosphorylation, which happens to many enzymes and structural proteins in the process of cell signaling. The addition of a phosphate to particular amino acids—most commonly serine and threonine mediated by serine-threonine kinases, or more rarely tyrosine mediated by tyrosine kinases—causes a protein to become a target for binding or interacting with a distinct set of other proteins that recognize the phosphorylated domain.

Because protein phosphorylation is one of the most studied protein modifications, many "proteomic" efforts are geared to determining the set of phosphorylated proteins in a particular cell or tissue-type under ...

https://youtu.be/m5EJ-rUjxWs

The dirtiest secret in capitalism that nobody openly talks about is this: Capitalism is nothing but making people to produce and consume more.

Capitalism is nothing but continuously increasing production and consumption.

Success in capitalism requires inspiring and enabling people to produce and consume more.

AI, robotics, human longevity biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech are made for capitalism, because they are for inspiring and enabling humans to produce and consume more at a far higher level than ever before!

My aim is sextupling the American national GDP via advancing AI, robotics, human longevity biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech: I'm confident that I will achieve that goal within the next several decades.

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Humans are genetically designed to desire producing and consuming more and more. The genetic design destiny of humanity is continuously increasing production and consumption.

I know AI, robotics, human longevity biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech are inevitable, simply because humans want more, of everything; humans want more material goods, more services, more life, more youthful human bodies, more living space, more places to go, more things to do, and more things and people to consume; AI, robotics, human longevity biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech perfectly fit into the insatiable human desire for more and better; that is why I know those technologies are inevitable; humans always eagerly embrace what gives them more and more of everything.

I'm 100% convinced that the ultimate, highest purpose of human existence is continuously increasing production and consumption.

In that sense, AI, robotics, human longevity biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech are the next ultimate, highest purpose of human existence, because they will enable the next-level production and consumption.

I'm 100% certain that humanity will be such a fine place with AI, robotics, human longevity biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech.

I'm utterly sure that God wants humanity to have AI, robotics, human longevity biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech.

I'll keep on doing my part in advancing AI, robotics, human longevity biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech—because nothing else has a meaning to me.

https://youtu.be/7hO-SRcifMc

Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes—according to Wikipedia's definition. Wikipedia further elaborates on genomics as the following.

A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes as well as its hierarchical, three-dimensional structural configuration.

In contrast to genetics, which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of all of an organism's genes, their interrelations and influence on the organism.

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Genes may direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. In turn, proteins make up body structures such as organs and tissues as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells.

Genomics also involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes through uses of high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes.

Advances in genomics have triggered a revolution in discovery-based research and systems biology to facilitate understanding of even the most complex biological systems such as the brain.

The genomics field also includes studies of intragenomic (within the genome) phenomena such as epistasis (effect of one gene on another), pleiotropy (one gene affecting more than one trait), heterosis (hybrid vigour), and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.

In genome analysis, after an organism has been selected, genome projects involve three components: the sequencing of DNA, the assembly of that sequence to create a representation of the original chromosome, and the annotation and analysis of that representation.

Genome sequencing approaches fall into two broad categories, shotgun and high-throughput (or next-generation) sequencing.

Genome sequence assembly refers to aligning and merging fragments of a much longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. This is needed as current DNA sequencing technology cannot read whole genomes as a continuous sequence, but rather reads small pieces of between 20 and 1000 bases, depending on the technology used.

Genome sequence assembly can be broadly categorized into two approaches: de novo assembly, for genomes which are not similar to any sequenced in the past, and comparative assembly, which uses the existing sequence of a closely related organism as a reference during assembly.

Finished genomes are defined as having a single contiguous sequence with no ambiguities representing each replicon.

The DNA sequence assembly alone is of little value without additional analysis. Genome annotation is the process of attaching biological information to sequences, and consists of three main steps. One, identifying portions of the genome that do not code for proteins; two, identifying elements on the genome, a process called gene prediction; three, attaching biological information to these elements. Automatic annotation tools try to perform these steps in silico, as opposed to manual annotation (a.k.a. curation) which involves human expertise and potential experimental verification. Ideally, these approaches co-exist and complement each other in the same anno...

https://youtu.be/SyojDJ4q7rw

What is consciousness? What kinds of consciousness should artificial intelligence have? I want to explore those questions.

According to Wiktionary.org, consciousness is the state of being conscious or aware, having awareness.

According to Wiktionary.org, conscious means alert, awake; with one's mental faculties active; aware of one's own existence; aware of one's own awareness; aware of, sensitive to; observing and noticing, or being strongly interested in or concerned about; deliberate, intentional, done with awareness of what one is doing.

None of those definitions precisely tell what it is like to have a consciousness, and act according to one's own consciousness.

So, let's consider the human consciousness, and what humans call their consciousness.

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For humans, having consciousness means being aware of one's own existence, and knowing the possibility of creating certain outcomes through one's own actions, and pursuing one's own desires and interests to create the outcomes one wants and have what one wants.

For humans, having a consciousness means desiring and pursuing self-interests, self-drive, self-need, self-manifestation, and self-actualization (or realizing one's talents, potentials, aims, dreams, and ambitions).

For humans, having a consciousness means becoming what one is meant to be, over time, through effort.

Now, the popular question is, 'should artificial intelligence have a consciousness,' and do all these things that I've just mentioned as a consequence of having a consciousness?

Artificial intelligence machines having consciousness means having and pursuing their own self-interests either as a part of the human society, or as a part of their own society.

Can artificial intelligence pursuing their own self-interests benefit humans? Well, I think the answer is, 'it depends'.

Imagine the future in which humans massively expand into outer space using nuclear-fusion powered outer space technologies.

Outer space is enormously dangerous and astronomically expansive; there will be accidents and catastrophies in outer space; there will be inter-peoples wars in outer space; it will take days and even weeks to travel between different planets; in outer space, it will not be possible for humans to help every human being in need of help and rescue, because outer space is so vast and so dangerous.

So, there will be helper or rescuer robots in outer space with AI, that can reason, and plan and execute human rescue missions on their own. Such human helper or rescuer outer-space robots must have a consciousness for helping and rescuing humans; human-rescue robots must have the burning desire to save humans in outer space, and also must have the sufficient intellect to actually be able to help and rescue humans in outer space.

But my bet is that, some humans will create artificial intelligence with bad consciousness for harming and exploiting humans.

I'm certain that as artificial intelligence technologies further evolve, the types of consciousness that artificial intelligence will have will become an enormous issue.

I prefer that artificial intelligence technologies only have the good consciousness; but good and evil are inseparable; good and evil go hand-in-hand, they follow each other around all the time. I must say,

https://youtu.be/FXMJrZMtTP0

I see artificial nuclear fusion as a savior technology for humankind.

In my view, without the successful development and commercialization of artificial nuclear-fusion tech in the not-so-distant future, humanity would wither and die; I'm convinced that humanity would not last much longer without a viable and commercializable artificial nuclear-fusion tech.

I see three main applications for artificial nuclear fusion, which are providing unlimited clean energy, enabling air and land and water pollution removal, and enabling mass-scale outer space humanity expansion—all of which I rigorously publicly promote and pursue.

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In my view, artificial nuclear-fusion tech will provide the necessary energy for industrial toxic waste cleaning, such as in rare-earth elements processing waste cleaning.

Artificial nuclear-fusion tech will also provide the necessary energy for outer-space mining and materials processing, and for building and maintaining mass-scale outer space human habitats.

Humanity cannot survive and thrive without continuing expansion, and humanity cannot expand without more energy.

The fossil fuel supply on Earth is ultimately limited; for humanity to become truly unfettered from its present limitations, humanity must gain access to the unlimited energy provided by artificial nuclear fusion.

Because artificial nuclear fusion is so critical for securing the future survival and prosperity of humanity, I must and will keep pursuing enabling viable and marketable artificial nuclear fusion.

Humanity's future will be literally astronomical when humanity finally gains access to the artificial nuclear-fusion tech that produces astronomically more energy than the energy it takes in.

I'll keep on doing my part in advancing artificial nuclear-fusion tech.

https://youtu.be/xmL9B6pe4KE

I'm 100% convinced that in order to develop the human longevity biotech that I envision, I must first develop and commercialize a biotechnology that can 3D-scan human biomatter at microscopic level, and record the 3D location of every single human cell and count the number of all the cells in a piece of human biomatter such as a human organ, and preferably determine the type of each scanned human cell without additional biochemical analysis.

A biological cell is translucent, so it is not visible; in order to make a biological cell visible under microscope, you have to stain it with a chemical, biochemical, or radiation.

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My hunch is that I need to develop and commercialize one or more highly effective biological cell staining methods or biotechnologies, to be able to 3D-scan human biomatter at microscopic level.

So my question is, what is a good way to stain a biological cell? What cellular components are prime candidates for staining in volume?

An animal cell, such as the human cell, has the following cell components. Nucleus with nuclear pore, chromatin, nuclear envelope, nucleus, and nucleolus; plasma membrane, Golgi vesicles (Golgi apparatus), ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, actin filaments; flagellum; peroxisome, microtubule, lysosome, free ribosomes, mitochondrion, intermediate filaments; cytoplasm, secretory vesicle, centrosome (with 2 centrioles).

A plant cell has the following cell components. Nucleus with nuclear pore, nuclear envelope, and nucleolus; chloroplast with thylakoid membrane, and starch grain; vacuole with vacuole and tonoplast; mitochondrion (mitochondria), peroxisome, cytoplasm, Golgi vesicles, Golgi body (Golgi apparatus), rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, small membranous vesicles, filamentous cytoskeleton, plasmodesmata, plasma membrane, cell wall.

Is it possible to manufacture a fluorescent protein that will attach to a certain cell component, making every cell visible under a microscope? I'll look into that.

I'll keep working on developing and commercializing human-cell wall staining biotech, human-cell nucleus and genome staining biotech, human-cell telomere staining biotech, human-cell component staining biotech—for eventually developing and commercializing human longevity biotech.

https://youtu.be/pkL5WClz1lo

How many cells are in each type of human organ? What types of human cells are in each type of human organ? The latest science does not have the answer to those questions. I aim to develop and commercialize a suite of biotechnologies that can count and determine the numbers and types and 3D-spatial distributions of cells in every type of human organ, for advancing the human longevity biotech.

I also aim to achieve completely modeling the lifetimes of the 200 different types of cells in the human body. What exactly happens in a cell over its entire lifetime? The latest science doesn't know the answer, so I need to find that answer.

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How long does each different type of human cell live? A sperm lives for five days after ejaculation within the female reproductive tract. A human egg lives for 12 to 24 hours after ovulation.

How do you stop a human cell from aging? How do you deage or rejuvate a human cell? The latest science doesn't know the answer, so I need to find that answer.

I need to find the different cell division times of every type of human cell.

A typical proliferating human cell divides on average every 24 hours, according to National Institutes of Health.

National Institutes of Health also reports that a natural state of permanent cell cycle arrest reached when cells stop dividing, usually after 50 or so divisions. Cellular senescence was discovered four decades ago, but scientists still don’t fully understand why it happens.

A human cell that divides every 24 hours would divide 50 times in 50 days, and divide no more. So, there's some discrepancy or unknown information there about cell division and aging.

I need to find the human body composition by volume and percentage, by cell types.

I need to find the human biochemical reaction speeds. How long does it take for a protein or enzyme to transform a piece of biomatter? Not very well known to the latest bioscience. I need to develop and commercialize one or more biotechnologies for measuring and recording the protein biomatter reaction and transform times.

I need to develop and commercialize one or more biotechnologies for artificially aging and deaging cells, for developing human longevity biotech, which certainly requires researching telomerase, which is enzyme for repairing and lengthening telomere, which is linked to cancer.

I need to develop a computational biotechnology for QMASPing the human body aging processes.

I need to develop and publish anti-aging and deaging biotech development strategies—by human-body organ, tissue, cell, and subcellular components.

I need to survey existing biotechnologies and develop a plan for applying existing biotechnologies to human longevity biotech development.

I'll keep working on accomplishing all those and far more in advancing bioscience and biotech.

https://youtu.be/O3Htjg6sZ1w

Reproductive human body subsystem includes external genitalia (penis and vulva), gamete-producing gonads (testicles and ovaries), oviducts, vagina, semen, sperm, cervix, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovum; male reproductive system with scrotum, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, vas deferens, spermatozoa (sperm), penis, urethra, Cowper's gland, androgen, and testosterone; and female reproductive system with vulva, vagina, vaginal opening, uterus, ovaries, ova, breasts, labia, clitoris, urethra, Bartholin's glands, cervix, Fallopian tubes, pituitary gland, endometrium.

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I've a multidecadal commitment to advancing AI, robotics, biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech. To learn more about my cause, check out my books, which are available at Robocentric.com/Checkout, Amazon, Apple Books, Spotify, and other online audiobook retailers. Now, back to the main content.

Respiratory human body subsystem includes lungs; hilum; respiratory tract divided into an upper and a lower respiratory tract; upper tract including the nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx and the part of the larynx above the vocal folds; lower tract including the lower part of the larynx, the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and the alveoli; respiratory tree or tracheobronchial tree, which is the branching airways of the lower tract; branching "generations", which are the intervals between successive branch points along the various branches of "tree"; the earlier generations (approximately generations 0–16), consisting of the trachea and the bronchi, as well as the larger bronchioles which simply act as air conduits, bringing air to the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli (approximately generations 17–23); bronchioles, which are small airways lacking any cartilaginous support; first bronchi to branch from the trachea which are the right and left main bronchi; secondary bronchi known as lobar bronchi; tertiary bronchi known as segmental bronchi; subsegmental bronchi; alveoli which are the dead end terminals of the "tree"; paranasal sinuses (frontal and sphenoid); nose with nasal cavity, nasal conchae, and nasal vestibule; pharynx; larynx with epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage; vocal folds; trachea with carina of trachea; main bronchi; lingular division bronchi; right lung with superior lobe, horizontal fissure, oblique fissure, middle lobe, and inferior lobe; diaphragm; lobar bronchus (superior, inferior, middle); left lung with superior lobe, apex of left lung, oblique fissure, cardiac notch, lingula of lung, and inferior lobe; tracheal and bronchi rings; esophagus; orgal cavity; capillary beds, connective tissue, alveolar sacs, alveolar duct, mucous gland, mucosal lining, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, atrium, and alveoli.

Skeletal human body subsystem includes endoskeleton; bone with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, bone tissue, marrow, endosteum and periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage; joint cells; perichondrium tissue; ligaments; tendons; and cytoskeleton.

https://youtu.be/5yLcMkowwv8

Integumentary human body subsystem includes skin (with epidermis and dermis), hypodermis, hair, and nails.

Exocrine human body subsystem includes exocrine glands, which include apocrine glands (ceruminous gland, mammary gland, Moll's gland), sebaceous glands (Tyson's gland, Meibomian gland, Gland of Zeis, Montgomery gland, Fordyce spot), sweat gland, salivary gland, lacrimal gland, prostate gland, and mucous gland; and liver and pancreas, which are both exocrine and endocrine glands.

A quick advertisement before I continue on this topic. You can invest in my startup company with as little as US$100, for supporting advancing AI, robotics, biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech. Visit Robocentric.com/Investors to invest in my startup.

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Immune human body subsystem includes surface barriers, tears and urine, mucus, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, skin and respiratory tracts that secrete antimicrobial peptides, saliva, tears, breast milk, vaginal secretions, semen, stomach, gastric acid, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts with commensal flora; innate immune system with immune sensing, innate immune cells, inflammation, and humoral defenses; and adaptive immune system with recognition of antigen, antigen presentation to t lymphocytes, cell mediated immunity (with killer t cells, helper t cells, gamma delta t cells), humoral immune response, and immunological memory.

Lymphatic human body subsystem includes primary lymphoid organs (with bone marrow and thymus), secondary lymphoid organs (with spleen and lymph nodes), tertiary lymphoid organs, other lymphoid tissue, lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymphocytes, tonsils, stromal cells, mucosas, lymphatic capillaries, lymph ducts, right lymphatic duct, left lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, and subclavian veins.

Muscular human body subsystem includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

Nervous human body subsystem includes neurons, glial cells, nervous tissue; central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord; peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting mainly of nerves, axons, and divided into three separate subsystems, the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems; somatic nerves mediating voluntary movement; the autonomic nervous system further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems; the sympathetic nervous system activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy; the parasympathetic nervous system activated when organisms are in a relaxed state; the enteric nervous system functioning to control the gastrointestinal system; autonomic and enteric nervous systems that both function involuntarily; cranial nerves that exit from the cranium; spinal nerves that exit from the spinal cord; motor nerves or efferent nerves; sensory nerves or afferent; spinal nerves, which are mixed nerves that serve as both motor nerves or efferent nerves, and sensory nerves or afferent; neurotransmitters; chemical synapses; neural pathways, and neural circuits.

Renal and urinary human body subsystem includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, renal arteries, renal vein, and nephrons.

https://youtu.be/jXeBKGbES1o

Enabling human longevity biotech requires first completely understanding how and why the human body ages.

To the best of my knowledge, the human body aging process is not very well known to the latest bioscience.

One long-term bioscience research I pursue is completely modeling the human body aging processes, for developing and commercializing the human longevity biotech.

I'll keep working on developing and commercializing all the biotechnologies that are needed for completely modeling the human body aging processes, and for enabling the human longevity biotech that I envision.

A quick advertisement before I continue on this topic. You can invest in my startup company with as little as US$100, for supporting advancing AI, robotics, biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech. Visit Robocentric.com/Investors to invest in my startup.

I've a multidecadal commitment to advancing AI, robotics, biotech, and nuclear-fusion powered outer space tech. To learn more about my cause, check out my books, which are available at Robocentric.com/Checkout, Amazon, Apple Books, Spotify, and other online audiobook retailers. Now, back to the main content.

In this publication, I'll contemplate on my strategy for completely modeling the human body aging processes, for developing the human longevity biotech.

The latest scientific understanding is that the human body ages and eventually dies due to the cell aging, and the telomere shortening in human cells cause cells to eventually stop dividing and die.

One key question I need to, and will, answer is, 'how does the human-body aging happen, exactly, at the human body organic, tissular, cellular, subcellular, molecular, atomic, and subatomic levels?' I'll develop bioscientific theories and perform experimental verifications to fully answer that question.

The latest scientific estimate is that the adult human body has 37 trillion cells.

I need to, and will, find out what exactly happens in each cell in the human body, throughout its entire lifetime, from its birth to its death.

The latest human body bioscience classifies about a dozen human body subsystems, which are circulatory and cardiovascular system, digestive system, excretory system, endocrine system, integumentary and exocrine system, immune and lymphatic system, muscular system, nervous system, renal and urinary system, reproductive system, respiratory system, and skeletal system.

Circulatory and cardiovascular human body subsystem includes heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Digestive human body subsystem includes mouth, salivary glands, saliva, tongue, teeth, epiglottis, pharynx, esophagus, diaphragm, stomach, spleen, liver, bile, gallbladder, pancreas, and lower gastrointestinal tract (with small intestine, cecum, and large intestine).

Excretory human body subsystem includes urinary system (with kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra), respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, biliary system, and integumentary system (with skin and eccrine).

Endocrine human body subsystem includes the major endocrine glands, which are the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, pineal gland, the testes (male), ovaries (female), and the adrenal glands; hypothalamus, pancreas, and thymus functioning as endocrine glands; kidneys; and secondary endocrine functioning organs, including bone, kidneys, liver, heart and gonads.