Tough constraints on public spending were imposed by the coalition government in 2010 in the wake of the banking crisis, and continued for the rest of the decade.

The IHE found that between 2011 and 2019 more than a million people in England had shorter lives than those who lived in the most affluent areas; and fewer years of healthy living.

Around 148,000 of the excess fatalities appear to have been 'additional' deaths linked to austerity.

Produced in Birmingham by Adrian Goldberg and Harvey White.

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