Are the “contradictions” in the flood story proof that Genesis is sloppy—or are they actually clues to a hidden literary design?In today’s episode of the Buried Bible Podcast, Keagan Walz and Dr. Mark Chavalas explore one of the most controversial claims about the Bible: that the Genesis Flood narrative is inconsistent, repetitive, or stitched together from conflicting sources.But what if the Flood story is far more brilliant, intentional, and literary than modern readers imagine?Join us as Dr. Chavalas walks through the surprising chiastic structure woven through Genesis 6–9, showing how the numbers, repetitions, and narrative “tensions” actually form a carefully crafted design, not a broken account. We explore ancient Near Eastern writing, oral tradition, how ancient authors used pattern and symmetry, and why the Flood story functions as a theological masterpiece—not a scientific puzzle.🔥 In This Episode:➡️ Why Genesis 6–9 looks contradictory to modern readers➡️ The 31-part chiastic structure hidden inside the Flood narrative➡️ Why “God remembered Noah” is the center of the entire narrative➡️ How ancient literary design shapes the story’s numbers and repetitions➡️ Whether recognizing literary design weakens inerrancy—or actually deepens our trust in Scripture➡️ Parallels with Genesis 1’s structure and why both creation and flood are answering different questions than modern science asks➡️ Why the Flood story isn’t broken…but brilliantly crafted💬 Let’s Talk in the CommentsDo you think the Flood story is contradictory?Did the chiastic structure surprise you?Drop your questions, thoughts, and disagreements—we love hearing from you.📜 Email : [email protected]

Did the Bible describe a global flood—or was it a local event misunderstood by moderns?

In this episode of The Buried Bible Podcast, Dr. Mark Chavalas continues a deep dive into the Flood narrative of Genesis, exploring divine intent, God’s sorrow, and the striking differences between the biblical account and Mesopotamian flood stories.

This episode wrestles with questions about divine justice, mercy, and regret—what does it mean that God was “grieved in His heart”? And how should modern readers understand terms like “all the earth” and “all flesh” in light of the ancient world?

🔥 In This Episode:

➡️ Why God’s “grief” over humanity is one of the Bible’s most profound moments

➡️ The meaning behind “all the earth” — global flood or local deluge?

➡️ How Mesopotamian flood myths help illuminate Genesis

➡️ What “repentance” means when it’s applied to God Himself

➡️ The role of the Nephilim before the Flood — and why they’re mentioned at all

➡️ How ancient readers would have understood the flood story differently than we do today

💬 Let’s Talk in the Comments:Do you believe the Flood was global or local? What does this story reveal to you about God’s nature?

OR EMAIL US: [email protected]

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Did the Bible Copy the Flood Story?

In this episode, we continue our deep-dive into the story of the Flood—this time examining the Mesopotamian flood traditions that existed long before the Bible’s account in Genesis 6–9. Dr. Chavalas unpacks the Atrahasis Epic and Gilgamesh Tablet XI, explaining how these ancient stories describe quarrelling gods, unjust creation, and a flood brought on by divine chaos—not justice.

He contrasts that with the biblical God, who acts from mercy and moral order rather than divine whim. Mark’s goal is to compare the flood stories to highlight their differences, not their similarities.This conversation reframes that question, “Did the Bible copy pagan myths?” showing that while the Israelites were part of the ancient Near Eastern world, their message was radically different—monotheistic, moral, and redemptive.

🔥 In This Episode:

➡️ What the Atrahasis and Gilgamesh epics actually say about the Flood

➡️ How Mesopotamian gods are fickle, unjust, and at odds with each other

➡️ The major differences between Mesopotamian polytheism and biblical monotheism

➡️ Why the Bible’s version focuses on God’s struggle between justice and mercy

➡️ How these ancient parallels strengthen—not weaken—biblical faith

💬 Let’s Talk in the CommentsWhat stood out to you most about the ancient flood stories? Do their differences from Genesis strengthen your faith—or raise new questions?

👉 [email protected]

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Were there flood stories before the Bible?

Mesopotamian scholar, Dr. Mark Chavalas dives into one of the most famous stories in history — the Flood. But before Noah’s ark ever set sail, ancient Mesopotamian civilizations were already writing about deluges sent by the gods. How does that work?

Dr. Chavalas introduces the earliest flood traditions from Sumerian, Babylonian, and Akkadian sources — from Ziusudra and Atrahasis to Utnapishtim of the Epic of Gilgamesh — and explores how these stories compare to, and differ from, the biblical account in Genesis. Along the way, he recounts the remarkable 19th-century discovery of Babylonian flood tablets that shocked the Victorian world, sparked a clash between science and faith, and forever changed biblical studies.This episode lays the foundation for an in-depth exploration of how the Flood was understood in the ancient Near East — and how the biblical version redefined divine purpose, justice, and mercy.

🔥 IN THIS EPISODE:

➡️ How the Mesopotamian flood myths predate the biblical narrative

➡️ The earliest Sumerian and Babylonian flood traditions

➡️ How George Smith’s 1872 discovery of the Babylonian flood tablet stunned the modern world

➡️ Comparing Ziusudra, Atrahasis, and the Gilgamesh flood hero

➡️ Why the Bible’s Flood story is more than just a theological response

📚 Understanding the ancient flood traditions helps us see Genesis 6–9 not as a stand-alone myth, but as a divinely inspired response to pagan worldviews. The biblical writers weren’t copying Babylonian ideas — they were correcting them, revealing a God who is moral, relational, and sovereign over creation, unlike the fickle gods of Mesopotamia.This episode sets the stage for the next few discussions on how ancient literature shaped — and was reshaped by — the biblical vision of the flood.

💬 LET’S TALK IN THE COMMENTSWhat do you think: why do nearly every ancient culture have a flood story? Were they remembering the same event — or expressing something deeper about human nature and the divine?

‼️‼️ EMAIL US YOUR QUESTIONS : [email protected] ‼️‼️

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📚 Resources Mentioned:

➡️ Alexander Heidel, The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels (1946)

➡️ W. G. Lambert & A. R. Millard, Atrahasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood

➡️ Irving Finkel, The Ark Before Noah

➡️ Nathan Wasserman, The Flood: The Akkadian Sources (2020)

➡️ Adam E. Miglio, The Gilgamesh Epic and Genesis 1–11: Peering into the Deep (2023)

What did the Old Testament really teach about demons and spirits? Were they fallen angels, ghosts, or something else entirely?

In this final episode of our “Demons” series, Dr. Mark Chavalas explores what the Old Testament actually says—and doesn’t say—about demons. He traces the mysterious world of supernatural beings in the Old Testament—where wild desert creatures, shadowy spirits, and divine messengers blur the line between natural and spiritual.

This discussion challenges sanitized modern theology and reveals a world alive with unseen powers under God’s control. The episode closes with Psalm 91, showing how Israel’s worldview of pestilence, plague, and night terrors connects directly to their trust in God as the ultimate protector.

🔥 In This Episode:

➡️ Demons & their connection to the Old Testament

➡️ The mysterious “Lilith,” Azazel, and the scapegoat ritual in Leviticus 16

➡️ The Witch of Endor and Saul’s encounter with Samuel’s spirit

➡️ The lying spirit in Ahab’s court and what it reveals about God’s sovereignty

➡️ Psalm 91 and the real meaning of “the terror by night”

➡️ How Israel’s understanding of evil shaped early Christian theology

💬 Let’s Talk in the Comments:Which Old Testament passage about demons or spirits do you find most fascinating—or most difficult to understand?

🎥 Like, Subscribe & ShareIf you’ve enjoyed this series on demons in the Bible, make sure to subscribe for our next series as we return to Genesis and explore the unseen world through an ancient lens

.📚 Books & Texts MentionedEvil Demons — Mark Geller (ed.)

- The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia — R. Campbell Thompson- “Demons in Mesopotamia and Israel” — John Walton

- Leviticus Commentary (Anchor Yale Bible) — Jacob Milgrom

- The First Ghost — Irving Finkel- Psalm 91 and the Demonic Menace — Gerrit Vreugdenhil (2020)

- The Unseen Realm — Michael S. HeiserBiblical Passages

Discussed:Leviticus 16 (Azazel)

· Isaiah 34:14 (Lilith)

· 1 Samuel 16 & 28 (Saul & Witch of Endor)

· 1 Kings 22 (Lying Spirit)

· Genesis 4:7 (Rabisu imagery)

· Psalm 91 (Demonic Menace)

· Job (Netherworld)

· Isaiah 10 (Assyria as rod of God)

· Genesis 6 (Nephilim)

· Ephesians 1–3 (Principalities & Powers)

What did the ancient world really believe about demons?

Before the Bible ever mentioned unclean spirits, the people of Mesopotamia lived in a world filled with spirit beings, magic, and fear of the unseen.

In this episode, Dr. Mark Chavalas looks into the ancient Mesopotamian worldview of demons and spirit beings—the cultural backdrop behind how the Bible’s authors and readers understood the unseen world.This episode unpacks texts from the ancient Near East describing how demons were classified, how they affected daily life, and how people sought protection through magic, medicine, and ritual.

From protective spirits to terrifying ghosts and baby-snatching demonesses, this conversation reveals just how different—and yet familiar—the ancient world’s view of evil, spiritual warfare and the unseen realm really was.

🔥 In This Episode:

➡️ How Mesopotamians understood “demons” and spirit beings

➡️ Why there was no word for “demon” in the ancient Near East

➡️ The three classes of spiritual beings—from gods to ghosts

➡️ How illness, misfortune, and even nightmares were tied to the spiritual realm

➡️ The eerie rituals and “medical magic” used to drive out evil spirits

➡️ Why understanding Mesopotamian demonology illuminates Scripture

📚 Rescources & Texts:

- John H. Walton, “Demons in Mesopotamia and Israel: Exploring the Category of Non-Divine but Supernatural Entities”.

- Gina Konstantinopoulos, “Demons and Exorcism in Ancient Mesopotamia”

- Frans Wiggermann, “The Mesopotamian Pandemonium”, on Mesopotamian demon concepts

- Markham J. Geller, works on the Sherpa incantations and their relationship to biblical Leviticus style rituals.

- “Demons and Spirits in Biblical Theology: Reading the Biblical Text in Its Cultural and Literary Context” by John Walton & J. Harvey Walton

💬 Let’s Talk in the Comments:What surprises you most about how ancient people viewed demons?

🎥 Like, Subscribe & Share:If you love learning the Bible through its ancient context, hit that bell so you never miss an episode!

We continue asking the questions: What is a Demon? How did the people in the ancient Jews and non-biblical writers view demons?

Dr. Chavalas explains that, as with many theological topics, the Bible itself never gives a direct definition. Instead, later Jewish and intertestamental writings tried to fill in the gaps. The conversation moves through several ancient sources that shaped how both Jews and early Christians understood the unseen world.

📖 Key Points:

➡️ The Bible’s Silence: Scripture mentions demons and unclean spirits but doesn’t explain their origin or nature.

➡️ Greek Background: In classical Greek, daimon could mean any spiritual force—sometimes good, sometimes bad—showing how broad the term was before Jewish writers adopted it.

➡️ Intertestamental Development: 1 Enoch 👉 The Book of Jubilees 👉 Josephus 👉 The Testament of Solomon 👉 The Dead Sea Scrolls

➡️ Medical ailments vs Spiritual Illness

➡️ Theological Tension: The hosts discuss how Christians today wrestle with distinguishing between natural illness and spiritual attack, and how faith calls us to live in that tension rather than demand black-and-white answers.

💭 Haven some questions for us?

💭 [email protected]

The Bible doesn’t systematize demonology, but the ancient world was filled with attempts to explain it. Understanding those texts—Enoch, Jubilees, Josephus, Solomon, and the Dead Sea Scrolls—reveals the worldview behind the New Testament’s stories of possession, healing, and spiritual conflict. Ultimately, the episode points listeners back to the authority of Christ, who transcends every ancient fear of the unseen.

🎥 Like, Subscribe & Share:Your support helps us reach more listeners hungry to understand the Bible in its historical and cultural context.

What does the New Testament really teach about demons?

In Part 2 of our exploration of demons in the bible, we zoom out from the story in Mark 5 to examine the bigger picture of demonology throughout the New Testament. From exorcisms in Mark’s Gospel to the nuances of “demons” versus “unclean spirits.”

This episode unpacks how the biblical writers understood the spiritual realm. Along the way, Dr. Chavalas explains why Jesus’ exorcisms were so unique compared to pagan rituals, how the apostles continued His authority, and why the New Testament doesn’t present a full “theology of demons.”

The discussion draws from intertestamental Jewish writings, rabbinical texts, and even skeptical pagan critics of early Christianity, showing how the ancient world grappled with the reality of spiritual forces.

🔥 In This Episode:

➡️ What are the differences between “demons” and “unclean spirits”?

➡️ Demonology throughout the New Testament

➡️ How Jesus’ exorcisms broke with pagan rituals and showed divine authority

➡️ What Jewish and early Christian writers outside the Bible said about Jesus and demons.

➡️ The reason for calling out names - and why demons recognize Jesus’ authority

➡️ Why early Jewish writings (1 Enoch, Jubilees, Testament of Solomon) shaped background assumptions about demons

📚 Sources Mentioned in the Episode:

D. F. Strauss – The Life of Jesus Critically Examined🔗 Read on Archive.org

Rudolf Bultmann – “It is impossible to use electric light…” (New Testament and Mythology)🔗

English TranslationOpen Letter by Don Cupitt & G. W. H. Lampe to the General Synod🔗 Guardian Archive Reference (full text is referenced in secondary sources, not widely available online)

🔗 demons in Mark 1, 6, 7, 9; Matthew 12; Acts 5, 8, 16; 1 Corinthians 10; 1 Timothy 4; and Ephesians

👉 Feel free to email us at: [email protected]***** we apologize for some technical difficulties. We are working on getting it fixed, so if you notice them in the next few episodes please give us grace. If you didn't even notice.....nevermind i guess!

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We’re starting our new series on demons in the bible by diving into one of the wildest stories in the New Testament — Jesus casting out Legion and sending the demons into a herd of pigs in Mark 5.

You’ve probably heard the story before, but what’s actually going on here? Why did the demons beg not to be tormented, and why choose swine?

🔥 In This Episode:

➡️ Why Mark, Matthew, and Luke differ in their accounts of the Gerasene demoniac

➡️ The meaning of “unclean spirits” and why demons name Jesus the “Son of the Most High God”

➡️ The role of pigs in Greco-Roman and Mesopotamian rituals (and why this matters for Mark 5)

➡️ Jewish and pagan exorcism practices — and how Jesus is utterly different

➡️ Why demons are said to hate water and what that reveals about the abyss and judgment

➡️ What this story shows about the supremacy of Christ

🔥 This isn’t just about pigs—it’s about power, authority, and the supremacy of Christ over the unseen world. By examining the cultural background, ancient demonology, and gospel tensions, we gain a deeper appreciation of why Mark included this dramatic event.

📚 Sources Referenced in this Episode:

- R. T. France, The Gospel of Mark (New International Greek Testament Commentary, 2002)

- R. T. France, The Gospel of Matthew (New International Commentary on the New Testament, 2007)

- Word Biblical Commentary (Matthew/Mark volumes)

- Barry Beitzel, The Moody Atlas of the Bible (2015 edition)

- Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1–16 (Anchor Yale Bible Commentary, 1991)R. Campbell Thompson, The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia (1904)

- M. J. Geller, Evil Demons: Canonical Udug-hul Incantations (2007)

- John Hull, Hellenistic Magic and the Synoptic Tradition (SCM Press, 1974)

- The Testament of Solomon (early Jewish pseudepigrapha)

- Greco-Roman Magical Papyri (PGM IV and others)

- Book of Tobit (Apocrypha)1 Enoch (Jewish apocalyptic literature)

- Archaeology Magazine / Atikot journal report on pig remains at Legio (2023)

🎥 Like, Subscribe & ShareIf this episode deepened your understanding, share it with someone curious about the Bible’s stranger stories.***** we apologize for some technical difficulties. We are working on getting it fixed, so if you notice them in the next few episodes please give us grace. If you didn't even notice.....nevermind i guess!

What really happened at the Tower of Babel? Was it just about confusing languages—or something much deeper?

This episode of the Buried Bible Podcast wraps up the Tower of Babel series by exploring how Jewish and Christian traditions reinterpreted the story across centuries. Dr. Mark Chavalas discusses sources like Josephus, Jubilees, rabbinical commentary, and even connections to Acts 2, showing how Babel became a symbol of rebellion, pride, and divine judgment.

The conversation highlights how Babel contrasts with God’s call of Abraham—revealing that while humans sought to make their own name great, God’s plan was always to establish His name and bless the nations on His terms.

🔥 In This Episode:

➡️ Ancient Jewish traditions on Babel: apocalypse texts, Jubilees, and midrash

➡️ How Josephus linked Nimrod to the tower

➡️ Why the rabbis viewed Babel as ultimate rebellion

➡️ The surprising connection between Babel and Acts 2 at Pentecost

➡️ God’s response at Babel vs. His call of Abraham in Genesis 12

➡️ What this story reveals about sacred space, divine council, and human pride

The Tower of Babel isn’t just an isolated story—it’s the backdrop for God’s plan to call Abraham, form Israel, and ultimately bless the nations. Understanding the traditions surrounding Babel reveals how Jewish and Christian thinkers made sense of rebellion, pride, and God’s redemptive plan.

💬 Let’s Talk in the Comments:Which tradition about Babel surprised you most—Josephus, Jubilees, or Acts 2?

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