..and why is Iceland called Iceland?

The European name of Greenland is most probably due to a marketing maneuver to encourage settlement, even if during the Viking settlement the climatic conditions of the island were at an optimum and therefore it was probably greener than what we observe presently. Iceland though had several names before a permanent Viking settlement and was a victim of a similar but negative marketing strategy.

Ob die alte Kamera noch was taugt, erkennen Chris und Moni am Geruch. Aber auch durch einen scharfen Blick aufs Glas (da soll kein Pilz drin sitzen), auf den Verschluss (z.B. Zeiten mit der Shutter Speed App ermitteln), die Lichtdichtungen (Schaumstoff altert) und ob die Filmführungen noch sauber laufen.

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Mit der Zeit sammeln sich alle möglichen glutenfreien Mehle an. Heute habe ich daraus ein Mehlreste-Sauerteigbrot gebacken und ich bin sehr zufrieden mit tollem Ergebnis: Mehlreste-Sauerteigbrot

Auroras, Northern or Southern Lights are a spectacular phenomenon that attract a large number of tourists to the polar areas. They were known since antiquity but the phenomenon was attibuted to supernatural powers. In fact they form in a circle around the magnetic poles when the charged elementary particles in the solar wind are captured byt the magnetic field of the earth and are directed towards the upper levels of the atmosphere and ionize elementary gasses like hydrogen and oxygen. The probability of Auroras apperaring in the sky can be predicted by analyzing the variations in the solar wind and in the magnetic field of the Earth. Auroras have been observed also on other planets. in the solar system. Real time aurora on video. Chris' Aurora photo from the ship.

Oli möchte seinen analogen Bildern EXIF-Daten spendieren und wir werfen einen näheren Blick darauf, wie wir zumindest einige davon (genauer: Blende, Zeit und ISO) digital auf Dropbox oder Evernote ablegen und später sogar auf unsere analogen Bilder übertragen können. Tools: Pocket Lightmeter, Exiftool, Exif Editor und Exiv2

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The magnetic compass has been the most important instrument used for navigation since the beginning of the European voyages of discovery and until satellite positioning was introduced. The principle of functioning is dependent on the magnetic field of the Earth. It is not a recent invention and a form was used for divination in China since 200 BCE. It was used for navigation first in the 11th century in China and probably it was introduced from there to Europe in the 12th century through trade routes. The of the compass for navigation is testified by the effort put by nations to measure the magnetic field of the planet, to determine the position of the magnetic north pole and to investigate its yearly movement. One of the famous expeditions to pursue such investigations was the Franklin voyage in search of the Northwest Passage. The Vikings who navigated areas close to the magnetic pole, which makes the magnetic compass unusable, most probably used a sun-based compass, that could also be used to determine variations in latitude during a voyage, and they might even have been able to use this system in conditions of bad visibility usign a crystal of calcite as polarizing filter. The next revolution for polar navigation came with the invention of the gyrocompass. Nowadays navigation is greatly symplified and made accessible to private and professional users through satellite systems like GPS, GLONASS and GALILEO and BeiDou which can be accessed using dedicated receivers or apps on mobile devices.