
Sign up to save your podcasts
Or


We are living through a tectonic shift in science. AI like AlphaFold hasn't just solved a 50-year problem; it has opened the door to a new era of digital biology.
Here at Code and Council, we explore the code, the companies, and the council of minds driving this revolution. We connect the dots between machine learning breakthroughs and their real-world consequences, from personalized medicine and novel materials to the fundamental questions of what it means to invent, not just discover. Subscribe for a guide to the technology that will define the 21st century.Background Song:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTC3FKdP1yw&list=RDDTC3FKdP1yw&start_radio=1Researched extensively with google gemini 2.5 propmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Opens in a new window
lizard.bio
AlphaFold – The end of experimental structural biology? - BioLizard
Opens in a new window
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The Protein Folding Problem - PMC - PubMed Central
Opens in a new window
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The Protein Folding Problem: The Role of Theory - PMC - PubMed Central
Opens in a new window
deepmind.google
About - Google DeepMind
Opens in a new window
gaintherapeutics.com
DeepMind AlphaFold: Revolutionizing Protein Folding Predictions - Gain Therapeutics
Opens in a new window
hp.com
What is Google DeepMind: AI Research & Tools | HP® Tech Takes
Opens in a new window
deepmind.google
AlphaFold impact stories - Google DeepMind
Opens in a new window
wiki.marketdomination.solutions
Google's DeepMind - MDS Wiki
Opens in a new window
deepmind.google
Google DeepMind
Opens in a new window
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The power and pitfalls of AlphaFold2 for structure prediction beyond rigid globular proteins
Opens in a new window
medicine.iu.edu
The Protein Folding Problem: The day AI unlocked a secret of life - Indiana University School of Medicine
Opens in a new window
frontiersin.org
Editorial: When predictions meet experiments: the future of structure determination - Frontiers
Opens in a new window
mdpi.com
Using AlphaFold Predictions in Viral Research - MDPI
Opens in a new window
academic.oup.com
AlphaFold Protein Structure Database: massively expanding the structural coverage of protein-sequence space with high-accuracy models | Nucleic Acids Research | Oxford Academic
Opens in a new window
biolifehealthcenter.com
AlphaFold: Transforming Biomedical Research in Neurodegeneration, Global Health, and Therapeutics
Opens in a new window
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
AlphaFold Protein Structure Database in 2024: providing structure coverage for over 214 million protein sequences - PubMed
Opens in a new window
gaintherapeutics.com
How AlphaFold is helping in treatment of protein misfolding diseases - Gain Therapeutics
Opens in a new window
lindushealth.com
www.lindushealth.com
Opens in a new window
guinnessworldrecords.com
Highest Score at the CASP competition - Guinness World Records
Opens in a new window
deepmind.google
AlphaFold: a solution to a 50-year-old grand challenge in biology - Google DeepMind
Opens in a new window
en.wikipedia.org
AlphaFold - Wikipedia
Opens in a new window
deepmind.google
AlphaFold: Using AI for scientific discovery - Google DeepMind
Opens in a new window
alphafold.ebi.ac.uk
AlphaFold Protein Structure Database
Opens in a new window
news.mit.edu
AI system predicts protein fragments that can bind to or inhibit a ...
Opens in a new window
ebi.ac.uk
Strengths and limitations of AlphaFold 2 | AlphaFold - EMBL-EBI
Opens in a new window
labiotech.eu
AlphaFold3: Revolutionizing drug discovery and development
Opens in a new window
blopig.com
CASP14: what Google DeepMind's AlphaFold 2 really achieved ...
Opens in a new window
alphafoldserver.com
AlphaFold Server
Opens in a new window
en.wikipedia.org
Isomorphic Labs - Wikipedia
Opens in a new window
drugdiscoverytrends.com
Google DeepMind and Isomorphic Labs' AlphaFold 3 slashes protein modeling - Drug Discovery and Development
Opens in a new window
wisdomtree.com
AlphaFold 3: The Future of AI in Biotechnology Is Here - WisdomTree
Opens in a new window
deepmind.google
AlphaFold - Google DeepMind
Opens in a new window
predictioncenter.org
Home - CASP15 - Protein Structure Prediction Center
Opens in a new window
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Tertiary structure assessment at CASP15 - PMC - PubMed Central
Opens in a new window
the-decoder.com
CASP15: AlphaFold's success spurs new challenges in protein-structure prediction
Opens in a new window
pubs.rsc.org
AlphaFold accelerates artificial intelligence powered drug discovery: efficient discovery of a novel CDK20 small molecule inhibitor - Chemical Science (RSC Publishing)
Opens in a new window
ebi.ac.uk
Customising AlphaFold2 structure predictions | AlphaFold - EMBL-EBI
Opens in a new window
moodle2.units.it
Critical assessment of methods of protein structure prediction (CASP)—Round XV - Moodle@Units
Opens in a new window
artsci.utoronto.ca
New study uses AlphaFold and AI to accelerate design of novel drug for liver cancer
Opens in a new window
ebi.ac.uk
How have AlphaFold2's predictions of protein structure been validated? | AlphaFold
Opens in a new window
news.mit.edu
Analyzing the potential of AlphaFold in drug discovery | MIT News
Opens in a new window
researchgate.net
Comparison of AlphaFold, Robetta, and X-ray (pdb 5i6x) models for... - ResearchGate
Opens in a new window
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Predicting Relative Populations of Protein Conformations without a Physics Engine Using AlphaFold 2 - PMC - PubMed Central
Opens in a new window
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Accelerating crystal structure determination with iterative AlphaFold prediction - PMC
Opens in a new window
pubs.acs.org
AlphaFold2 Predicts Alternative Conformation Populations in Green Fluorescent Protein Variants | Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling - ACS Publications
Opens in a new window
reddit.com
People are overestimating Alphafold and it's a problem : r/labrats - Reddit
Opens in a new window
peakproteins.com
Comparison Of Structural Techniques: X-ray, NMR, Cryo-EM | Peak Proteins
Opens in a new window
researchgate.net
(PDF) AlphaFold3 at CASP16 - ResearchGate
Opens in a new window
biorxiv.org
CASP16 protein monomer structure prediction assessment - bioRxiv
Opens in a new window
predictioncenter.org
Home - CASP16 - Protein Structure Prediction Center
Opens in a new window
nexco.ch
Peeking Into CASP16 and the Future of Biomolecular Structure Prediction - Nexco Analytics
Opens in a new window
news-medical.net
AlphaFold accelerates discovery of potential antipsychotic drugs by ...
Opens in a new window
frontiersin.org
Before and after AlphaFold2: An overview of protein ... - Frontiers
Opens in a new window
isomorphiclabs.com
AlphaFold 3 predicts the structure and interactions of all of life's ...
Opens in a new window
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
AFsample2 predicts multiple conformations and ensembles with ...
Opens in a new window
We’re often told that to succeed, we need to specialize. To become an expert in one narrow domain and dig as deep as we can.
But what if the key to truly profound insight lies in the opposite direction?
This week on Code and Council, we explore the life and mind of a man who was the living embodiment of that counterintuitive idea: the late, great Charlie Munger
.
Many know Munger as Warren Buffett’s indispensable partner—the “abominable no-man” and intellectual architect of modern Berkshire Hathaway. But his true legacy is a revolutionary doctrine for rational thinking that transcends the world of investing.
In this deep-dive episode, we unpack the Munger Doctrine, drawing from his speeches, writings, and his final, remarkably candid interview. We explore:
* The "Lattework of Mental Models": How Munger drew on the big ideas from psychology, physics, biology, and history to make better decisions than the siloed experts.
* The Great Philosophical Shift: How he single-handedly convinced Warren Buffett to abandon "cigar-butt" investing and instead focus on buying "wonderful businesses at fair prices". This was the pivotal change that made Berkshire the compounding machine it is today.
* A Masterclass in Applied Psychology: We break down his iconic investments, from the brand power of See's Candies and the "Lollapalooza Effect" of
Coca-Cola to his contrarian, crisis-era bets on banks like
Wells Fargo.
* Betting on Genius and Humility: The story of his "venture capital" style bet on Chinese EV maker BYD, which was a wager on a single, irreplaceable founder , and the instructive mistake he made with
Alibaba—a lesson in his own fallibility.
* The Apex Investment: A detailed look at why he called Costco the "ultimate wonderful business" and held its stock with unwavering conviction for 26 years, even when Buffett sold.
* A Philosophy for Life: Beyond the billions, we delve into his personal philosophy of "soldiering through" hardship, the moral duty to become wiser every day, and why avoiding stupidity is more important than seeking brilliance.
This episode is more than a recap of a legendary investor's career. It’s an exploration of a timeless framework for clear thinking and effective action. It’s about learning to see the world not as a collection of separate subjects, but as a complex, interconnected system.
Join us for a journey into one of the sharpest minds of the last century.Background Music:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6CRmIXcrxw&list=PLfP6i5T0-DkIA0Bny2MV8lEF2rTI2TzdF&index=5Sources PoorCharliesAlmanackGemini 2.5 Pro bnh.bank
Here's to Your Wealth – The Life and Legacy of Charlie Munger, Investing Maverick
Opens in a new window
youtube.com
Charlie Munger: Chinese Automobile Manufacturer BYD - YouTube
Opens in a new window
financemagnates.com
Charlie Munger's Final Stock Portfolio Unveiled
Opens in a new window
timeline.co
Six Lessons on Investing from Charlie Munger - Timeline
Opens in a new window
cabotwealth.com
Remembering Charlie Munger, Investing Legend - Cabot Wealth Network
Opens in a new window
reddit.com
Was Charlie Munger Really That Good of An Investor? : r/ValueInvesting - Reddit
Opens in a new window
leelynsmith.com
Charlie Munger's timeless lessons for investors - Leelyn Smith
Opens in a new window
silverlightinvest.com
Charlie Munger's Most Important Investing Lesson - Silverlight Asset Management, LLC
Opens in a new window
stockcircle.com
Charlie Munger: 2 Wells Fargo transactions (Daily Journal / WFC) - Stockcircle
Opens in a new window
247wallst.com
Costco Stock, a Long-Time Charlie Munger Favorite, is Worth Buying in Bulk After Earnings
Opens in a new window
247wallst.com
The Late Billionaire Charlie Munger's 'Other' Firm Has 97% of Its Investments in These 3 Stocks
Opens in a new window
reddit.com
Charlie Munger often praises Costco, what's a fair valuation for the stock? - Reddit
Opens in a new window
financhill.com
Why Did Charlie Munger Love Costco - Financhill
Opens in a new window
sn.einvestingforbeginners.com
Nuggets: The Extraordinary Life of Charlie Munger
Opens in a new window
sbo.financial
Buffett's sweetest acquisition: A financial teardown of See's Candies | SBO
Opens in a new window
sees.com
The Extended Family - See's Candies
Opens in a new window
fs.blog
Turning $2 Million Into $2 Trillion - Farnam Street
Opens in a new window
investopedia.com
Charlie Munger: Life, Berkshire Hathaway, Investments - Investopedia
Opens in a new window
wealthyretirement.com
Charlie Munger and One of the Best Investments of All Time
Opens in a new window
quartr.com
Tasting Quality: Berkshire's Defining Bet on See's Candies - Quartr
Opens in a new window
en.wikipedia.org
Wesco Financial - Wikipedia
Opens in a new window
granitefirm.com
Key points from Munger Wesco's 24 years of shareholder meetings - Andy Lin's Long-term Stock Investment Blog
Opens in a new window
pipeline.capital
Person of the month: Charlie Munger - Pipeline Capital
Opens in a new window
nik.art
Charlie Munger's “How To Start Coca Cola in 1884” Thought Experiment | nik.art
Opens in a new window
fool.com
Charlie Munger's Investment Strategy | The Motley Fool
Opens in a new window
morningstar.com.au
Charlie Munger: What makes him a great investor - Morningstar Australia
Opens in a new window
marketrebellion.com
Charlie Munger's Top 4 “All-In” Stocks — Munger's Final Investments - Market Rebellion
Opens in a new window
investorplace.com
In Memory of a Legend: 7 Stocks That Charlie Munger Loved | InvestorPlace
Opens in a new window
nasdaq.com
Meet BYD Chief Wang Chuanfu, Who Charlie Munger Said Is 'Better At Actually Making Things' Than Tesla CEO Elon Musk | Nasdaq
Opens in a new window
moomoo.com
An Overview of Charlie Munger's Classic Investment Cases - moomoo Community
Opens in a new window
medium.com
Charlie Munger On How To Build a $2 Trillion Startup | by Dan Shipper | Medium
Opens in a new window
barchart.com
Which Was Charlie Munger's Best Bet: Berkshire Hathaway Or Costco? - Barchart.com
Opens in a new window
youtube.com
Charlie Munger: Berkshire's Investment in the Coca-Cola Stock - YouTube
Opens in a new window
nasdaq.com
Which Was Charlie Munger's Best Bet: Berkshire Hathaway or Costco? - Nasdaq
Opens in a new window
youtube.com
Charlie Munger and Costco: A look at why he was a big fan of the giant retailer - YouTube
Opens in a new window
financhill.com
How Costco Became Charlie Munger's $100 Million Personal Bet - Financhill
Opens in a new window
hedgefundalpha.com
Charlie Munger Portfolio Performance: Analyzing Strategies For His Success
Opens in a new window
hedgefundalpha.com
Charlie Munger And The Power Of Costco - Hedge Fund Alpha
Opens in a new window
en.wikipedia.org
Charlie Munger - Wikipedia
Opens in a new window
dailyjournal.com
Charles T. Munger, 1924 - 2023 - Daily Journal
Dive deep into the clandestine world of groundbreaking technology and the minds that forge it. Inspired by the legendary Skunk Works, we explore how audacious risk-taking, lean teams, and a relentless drive for the impossible shape our world, from stealth aircraft to the AI in your daily life. Join us as we uncover the hidden threads of innovation and challenge conventional wisdom.
Ever wonder how a payment startup spawned an empire of innovation?
Code and Council digs into the untold stories of the PayPal Mafia, revealing their relentless drive, their profound impact on technology and finance, and the complex future they're building. From Palm Pilots to space exploration, from reinventing social networks to leading the charge in AI, we explore how Elon Musk, Peter Thiel, Reid Hoffman, and others continue to shape our world.
Are we witnessing an intelligence explosion or a dangerous new order? Join us to dissect the ideas that truly matter.Backing Track:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azNw-vQhAXQ&list=RDazNw-vQhAXQ&start_radio=1Here is a list of sources used to compile the podcast script:
Primary Books & Key Works:
Isaacson, Walter. Elon Musk. Simon & Schuster, 2023. (This book served as a major source for the detailed biographical information on Elon Musk, including his early life, challenges, and motivations.)
Thiel, Peter, with Masters, Blake. Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future. Crown Business, 2014. (This book was the foundational source for Peter Thiel's philosophy on monopolies, contrarian thinking, "secrets," the Power Law, and the concept of "Zero to One.")
Lacy, Sarah. Once You're Lucky, Twice You're Good: The Rebirth of Silicon Valley and the Rise of Facebook and MySpace. Gotham, 2009. (Provides context on the PayPal Mafia phenomenon.)
Levchin, Max. (While no specific book was cited, his role and insights from various interviews and articles were used).
Websites & Articles (General Information & Updates):
Wikipedia:
"PayPal Mafia" (for list of members, their subsequent ventures, and general overview).
"PayPal" (for early company history, mergers, IPO, and acquisition details).
"Elon Musk (Isaacson book)" (for publication details and critical reception of the biography).
"Zero to One" (for publication details and context of the book).
"Reid Hoffman" (for biographical details, LinkedIn founding, and investments).
Newcastle Advisors: "The PayPal Mafia: Lessons from Tech's Most Influential Network" (for high-level overviews of members' contributions and key lessons).
Quartr: "The PayPal Story: Online Payment Pioneers" (for context on PayPal's founding and dot-com boom).
Surgegraph.io: "Who Is the Real Founder of YouTube? The Story You Don't Know" (for YouTube founders' background and early history).
Medium (Call me V): "The Founding of YouTube: The Story of Three Friends and a Vision" (additional details on YouTube's founding).
Reddit (r/startups): "How Yelp Got Their First Users" (for Yelp's early growth hacks and social focus).
Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Illinois: "Like YouTube, PayPal, Yelp Has Illinois Root" (for Yelp founders' background and connection to Max Levchin's incubator).Simon & Schuster: Official publisher page for Walter Isaacson's Elon Musk (for book details and author information)
Seven Stories Press: Official publisher page for Darryl Cunningham's Elon Musk: American Oligarch (additional biographical context for Musk).https://x.com/xai/status/1943158495588815072
EBSCO Research Starters: "Reid Hoffman" (for biographical details and early career).Opportunity@Work: "Reid Hoffman | LinkedIn Co-Founder; Partner at Greylock" (for career details and investment focus).PenguinRandomHouse.com: Official publisher page for Zero to One (for publication details).Porchlight Book Company: "Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future" (for publication details).Goodreads: "Editions of Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future by Peter Thiel" (for publication details).https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/a-mind-bending-conversation-with-peter-thiel/id1438024613?i=1000714636858
Grok 4 isn’t just smarter—it’s something else entirely. In this episode of Code and Council, Jerry and Rachel dissect the sudden leap in xAI’s latest model and what it reveals about Elon Musk’s ambitions. They explore Grok 4’s real-time reasoning, the surprise architecture switch, and its implications in an increasingly volatile AI landscape.
We compare Grok 4 to other leading models, trace the roots of model capability acceleration, and examine the ideological risks of embedding general intelligence in a viral meme machine. This isn’t just about benchmarks—it’s about power, control, and the invisible hands tuning cognition at scale.
Welcome to the next phase of the AI arms race. Grok 4 has entered the chat.Audiohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCCVeNF0LAYSources: https://x.com/xai/status/1943158495588815072R&D World
www.rdworldonline.com
xAI releases Grok 4, claiming Ph.D.-level smarts across all fields - R&D World
Two years ago, Elon Musk signed an open letter urging a six-month pause on training AI systems more powerful than OpenAI's GPT-4, citing “profound risks to ...
Analytics India Magazine
analyticsindiamag.com
Musk's Grok-4 Crushes Benchmarks, Beats OpenAI & Google in RL
Moreover, according to Artificial Analysis, Grok-4 is now the leading AI model. “We have run our full suite of benchmarks, and Grok-4 achieves an Artificial ...
www.politico.eu
Migration mayhem - Politico.eu
GROK GOES ALL IN ON NAZIS: Grok, the AI chatbot made by Elon Musk's xAI and deployed on his X social media platform, wrote numerous antisemitic posts Tuesday ...
WYPR
www.wypr.org
Homepage - WYPR | WYPR
July 2, 2025. NPR News. Salvatore Di Nolfi/AP. /. Keystone. U.S. issues sanctions against United Nations investigator probing abuses in Gaza. The Associated ...
We are living through a time when machines are learning to see, speak, remember—and perhaps even care. But what does that mean for us? For our agency? For our inner lives?
In this episode of Code and Council, Jerry and Rachel take you on a sweeping journey through the intellectual and technical evolution of artificial intelligence. We begin with Alan Turing and the foundational question—Can machines think?—then move through the early neuro-inspired models and symbolic logic programs that defined the field’s birth. From the cybernetic optimism of the 1950s to the crushing skepticism of the AI Winters, we trace the cycles of ambition, failure, and reinvention that gave AI its shape.
Then, we zoom in on the story of Jim Simons and Renaissance Technologies—a hedge fund run not by instincts or traders, but by machine learning. What does it mean when a machine can out predict a human not just in games, but in markets?
Finally, we arrive in the present: large language models, image generators, robotic agents. We meet the researchers and founders racing to define AI’s future—while grappling with the systems they’ve already built.
What happens when machines don’t just serve us, but anticipate us? Will they become our collaborators—or our constraints? And what happens to our sense of meaning when prediction replaces understanding?
Listen in.-Music Credit Ignacio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgjOMxMdmKg-Sources and Research:The Turing Machine: The Thought Experiment That Defined Computability, accessed July 4, 2025, https://quantumzeitgeist.com/the-turing-machine-the-thought-experiment-that-defined-computability/
Alan Turing - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing
Turing test - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test
History of artificial intelligence - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence
The Turing Test - Open Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, accessed July 4, 2025, https://oecs.mit.edu/pub/uli3iiu9
What is the history of artificial intelligence (AI)? - Tableau, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/ai/history
Story of how Neural Networks came to be! | by Indraneel Pole - Medium, accessed July 4, 2025, https://medium.com/@pole.indraneel/story-of-how-neural-networks-came-to-be-dc4b7fb6df5a
Walter Pitts And The Path To Neural Networks - Quantum Zeitgeist, accessed July 4, 2025, https://quantumzeitgeist.com/walter-pitts-and-the-path-to-neural-networks/
The Ultimate Guide to Hebbian Theory - Number Analytics, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.numberanalytics.com/blog/ultimate-guide-hebbian-theory-neurobiology
Donald O. Hebb and the Organization of Behavior: 17 years in the writing - ResearchGate, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340474253_Donald_O_Hebb_and_the_Organization_of_Behavior_17_years_in_the_writing
Unleashing the Revolutionary Power of AI: A Compelling Historical Journey, accessed July 4, 2025, https://eimrglobal.org/history-of-ai/
Appendix I: A Short History of AI | One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100), accessed July 4, 2025, https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/appendix-i-short-history-ai
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Coined at Dartmouth, accessed July 4, 2025, https://home.dartmouth.edu/about/artificial-intelligence-ai-coined-dartmouth
Dartmouth workshop - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop
Early Artificial Intelligence Projects - MIT CSAIL, accessed July 4, 2025, https://projects.csail.mit.edu/films/aifilms/AIFilms.html
en.wikipedia.org, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning#:~:text=The%20term%20machine%20learning%20was,used%20in%20this%20time%20period.
Machine learning - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning
Applied Machine Learning - McGill School Of Computer Science, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~isabeau/COMP551/F24/slides/1-introduction.pdf
The games that helped AI evolve - IBM, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.ibm.com/history/early-games
A history of AI. - Shorthandstories.com, accessed July 4, 2025, https://oxford.shorthandstories.com/ai-a-history/index.html
Deep Dive into Perceptron - Number Analytics, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.numberanalytics.com/blog/deep-dive-perceptron-cognitive-science
The perceptron algorithm - some limitations, accessed July 4, 2025, https://data-intelligence.hashnode.dev/the-perceptron-algorithm-some-limitations
A Revisionist History of Connectionism - University Computing Support Services, accessed July 4, 2025, https://userweb.ucs.louisiana.edu/~isb9112/dept/phil341/histconn.html
Perceptrons (book) - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_(book)
The First AI Winter - Perplexity, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.perplexity.ai/page/the-first-ai-winter-HD65QjFVSACU.fHaSKdwIw
AI Watch Historical Evolution of Artificial Intelligence - JRC Publications Repository, accessed July 4, 2025, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC120469/jrc120469_historical_evolution_of_ai-v1.1.pdf
about_machinelearning | PDF | Machine Learning | Artificial Neural, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.scribd.com/document/819291037/about-machinelearning
Research Paper (Machine Learning & Clustering) | PDF | Cluster, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.scribd.com/document/701728604/Research-Paper-Machine-Learning-Clustering
What is Reinforcement Learning? - AWS, accessed July 4, 2025, https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/reinforcement-learning/
A Historical Overview of AI Winter Cycles - Perplexity, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.perplexity.ai/page/a-historical-overview-of-ai-wi-A8daV1D9Qr2STQ6tgLEOtg
AI Winter: The Reality Behind Artificial Intelligence History - AIBC - World, accessed July 4, 2025, https://aibc.world/learn-crypto-hub/ai-winter-history/
AI winter - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter
The AI Winters: A Chilling History of Hype and Disillusionment | by Biodun Rhoda - Medium, accessed July 4, 2025, https://medium.com/@biodunrhoda/the-ai-winters-a-chilling-history-of-hype-and-disillusionment-22f404742648
The Untold History of AI - AutoGPT, accessed July 4, 2025, https://autogpt.net/the-untold-history-of-ai/
AI Winter - Why enthusiasm around AI sometimes wanes?, accessed July 4, 2025, https://aiforeveryone.blog/en/ai-for-everyone/ai-winter-why-enthusiasm-around-ai-sometimes-wanes
en.wikipedia.org, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system#:~:text=Expert%20systems%20were%20among%20the,of%20successful%20artificial%20neural%20networks.
The History and Evolution of Artificial Intelligence: A journey through the milestones and breakthroughs that shaped AI from its inception to the present day. | by Smartcomply | Medium, accessed July 4, 2025, https://medium.com/@smartcomply/the-history-and-evolution-of-artificial-intelligence-a-journey-through-the-milestones-and-37f10908ef26
Expert system - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system
AI in the 1980s and 1990s: The Decades That Changed Everything. - Medium, accessed July 4, 2025, https://medium.com/@titanmonk90/ai-in-the-1980s-and-1990s-the-decades-that-changed-everything-a1e8c7a4735a
Mastering Expert Systems in AI - Number Analytics, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.numberanalytics.com/blog/mastering-expert-systems-in-ai
Symbolic AI vs. Connectionist AI: Know the Difference - SmythOS, accessed July 4, 2025, https://smythos.com/developers/agent-development/symbolic-ai-vs-connectionist-ai/
CASE STUDIES OF EXPERT SYSTEM & RESEARCH ASPECTS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - IJARSE, accessed July 4, 2025, https://ijarse.com/images/fullpdf/1490089267_D866_ijarse.pdf
DENDRAL: a case study of the first expert system for scientific hypothesis formation* - MIT, accessed July 4, 2025, http://web.mit.edu/6.034/www/6.s966/dendral-history.pdf
Symbolic artificial intelligence - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Did We Just Replace the 'Knowledge Bottleneck' With a 'Data Bottleneck'? - Communications of the ACM, accessed July 4, 2025, https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/did-we-just-replace-the-knowledge-bottleneck-with-a-data-bottleneck/
The Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck: Time for Reassessment? - Cullen - 1988, accessed July 4, 2025, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1988.tb00065.x
Architecting Gen AI for Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck in the Context of Self-Optimization | by Jack Brzezinski | Jun, 2025 | Medium, accessed July 4, 2025, https://medium.com/@brzezinski_j/architecting-gen-ai-for-knowledge-acquisition-bottleneck-in-the-context-of-self-optimization-74a31d85d5e9
Collaborative Knowledge Management: Breaking the Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck - IRMA-International.org, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.irma-international.org/viewtitle/32369/?isxn=9781616921255
AUTOMATED KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION FOR EXPERT SYSTEMS AN OVERVIEW Marie José Vlaanderen - CORE, accessed July 4, 2025, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/18506946.pdf
The Common Sense Knowledge Bottleneck in AI: A Barrier to True Artificial Intelligence, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.alphanome.ai/post/the-common-sense-knowledge-bottleneck-in-ai-a-barrier-to-true-artificial-intelligence
Commonsense reasoning - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonsense_reasoning
Why did expert systems fall? - Retrocomputing Stack Exchange, accessed July 4, 2025, https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/6456/why-did-expert-systems-fall
Greedy, Brittle, Opaque, and Shallow: The Downsides to Deep Learning | Hacker News, accessed July 4, 2025, https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16343888
Smashing the Brittleness of Machine Learning - AFCEA International, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/technology/smashing-brittleness-machine-learning
Looking back, looking ahead: Symbolic versus connectionist AI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://ojs.aaai.org/aimagazine/index.php/aimagazine/article/download/15111/18883
The History of Backpropagation - Perplexity, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.perplexity.ai/page/the-history-of-backpropagation-LoxpCKvnQmq7nKjA.AWjBA
Backpropagation - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation
Backpropagation - Algorithm Hall of Fame, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.algorithmhalloffame.org/algorithms/neural-networks/backpropagation/
Backpropagation: The Basic Theory - Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~plaut/IntroPDP/papers/RumelhartETAL95chap.backpropBasicTheory.pdf
Multilayer Perceptrons in Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Guide - DataCamp, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.datacamp.com/tutorial/multilayer-perceptrons-in-machine-learning
classification - Multilayer perceptron - backpropagation - Stack Overflow, accessed July 4, 2025, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10018821/multilayer-perceptron-backpropagation
Courant's LeCun Recognized for Technological Breakthroughs in “Deep Learning” - NYU, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2013/september/courants-lecun-recognized-for-technological-breakthroughs-in-deep-learning-.html
Yann LeCun. The French AI Pioneer Behind The Convolutional Neural Network., accessed July 4, 2025, https://quantumzeitgeist.com/yann-lecun-the-french-ai-pioneer-behind-the-convolutional-neural-network/
First neural network to identify handwritten characters - Guinness World Records, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/760232-first-neural-network-to-identify-handwritten-characters
LeNet - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeNet
Resurgence of AI During 1983-2010 - KDnuggets, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.kdnuggets.com/2018/02/resurgence-ai-1983-2010.html
Speech recognition - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition
About IJCAI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.ijcai.org/aboutIJCAI
International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Joint_Conference_on_Artificial_Intelligence
About AAAI - AAAI - Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), accessed July 4, 2025, https://aaai.org/about-aaai/
Neuromancer - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancer
Comparison of AI Textbooks - People @EECS, accessed July 4, 2025, http://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~russell/aima1e/competing.html
Neural network (machine learning) - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)Works cited
AI winter - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter
Between the Booms: AI in Winter - Communications of the ACM, accessed July 4, 2025, https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/between-the-booms-ai-in-winter/
Timeline of machine learning - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_machine_learning
History of artificial intelligence - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence
The 2010s: Our Decade of Deep Learning / Outlook on the 2020s, accessed July 4, 2025, https://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/2010s-our-decade-of-deep-learning.html
The most cited neural networks all build on work done in my labs, accessed July 4, 2025, https://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/most-cited-neural-nets.html
Support vector machine - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machine
Fast-PGM: Fast Probabilistic Graphical Model Learning and Inference, accessed July 4, 2025, https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.15605
Bayesian Graphical Models for Multivariate Functional Data, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.jmlr.org/papers/volume17/16-164/16-164.pdf
Learning Bayesian Network Structure by Self-Generating Prior Information: The Two-step Clustering-based Strategy - Yikun Zhang, accessed July 4, 2025, https://zhangyk8.github.io/publications/AAAIWorkshop.pdf
Bayesian networks in environmental modelling, accessed July 4, 2025, http://faculty.ist.psu.edu/vhonavar/Courses/dsmethods/bn-env.pdf
Learning Heterogeneous Hidden Markov Random Fields - PMC, accessed July 4, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4232933/
History of Machine Learning - A Journey through the Timeline - Clickworker, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.clickworker.com/customer-blog/history-of-machine-learning/
Juergen Schmidhuber's online publications - IDSIA, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/onlinepub.html
Artificial intelligence, machine learning and the evolution of healthcare: A bright future or cause for concern?, accessed July 4, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5987686/
(PDF) Representation Learning and NLP - ResearchGate, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373357948_Representation_Learning_and_NLP
History of artificial neural networks - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_neural_networks
History of generative AI - Toloka, accessed July 4, 2025, https://toloka.ai/blog/history-of-generative-ai/
Master NLP History: From Then to Now - Shelf.io, accessed July 4, 2025, https://shelf.io/blog/master-nlp-history-from-then-to-now/
Natural language processing: an introduction - PMC, accessed July 4, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3168328/
Word Embeddings: What Works, What Doesn't, and How to Tell the Difference for Applied Research | The Journal of Politics, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/715162
Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality, accessed July 4, 2025, https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/5021-distributed-representations-of-words-and-phrases-and-their-compositionality.pdf
What is the history of artificial intelligence (AI)? - Tableau, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/ai/history
10 Years of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning - Simplilearn.com, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.simplilearn.com/ten-years-of-artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-article
The Evolution and Future of Artificial Intelligence | CMU - California Miramar University, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.calmu.edu/news/future-of-artificial-intelligence
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: On the Past, Present, and Future of Artificial Intelligence - ResearchGate, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334539401_A_Brief_History_of_Artificial_Intelligence_On_the_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Artificial_Intelligence
A Survey on Challenges and Advances in Natural Language Processing with a Focus on Legal Informatics and Low-Resource Languages - MDPI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/13/3/648
Computer vision - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision
Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~ayuille/courses/Stat238-Winter10/SzeliskiBook_20100227_draft.pdf
Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications - Richard Szeliski - Google Books, accessed July 4, 2025, https://books.google.com/books/about/Computer_Vision.html?id=bXzAlkODwa8C
A Brief History of Computer Vision (and Convolutional Neural Networks) - HackerNoon, accessed July 4, 2025, https://hackernoon.com/a-brief-history-of-computer-vision-and-convolutional-neural-networks-8fe8aacc79f3
An Overview on the Advancements of Support Vector Machine Models in Healthcare Applications: A Review - MDPI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/4/235
Artificial intelligence, machine learning and the evolution of healthcare: A bright future or cause for concern? - ResearchGate, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323741202_Artificial_intelligence_machine_learning_and_the_evolution_of_healthcare_A_bright_future_or_cause_for_concern
The Coming of Age of AI/ML in Drug Discovery, Development, Clinical Testing, and Manufacturing: The FDA Perspectives - PubMed Central, accessed July 4, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10493153/
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications in Drug Discovery and Drug Delivery: Revolutionizing Personalized Medicine - PMC - PubMed Central, accessed July 4, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510778/
How AI is Reshaping Healthcare, Retail, Finance, Manufacturing & Marketing - Algoworks, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.algoworks.com/blog/ai-impact-on-healthcare-retail-finance-manufacturing-marketing/
Artificial intelligence and machine learning in financial services, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.fsb.org/uploads/P011117.pdf
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Financial Services | Congress.gov, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47997
Revolutionizing Retail: The Evolution of Customer Experience and Supply Chain Through Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning - Comet ML, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.comet.com/site/blog/revolutionizing-retail/
A Decade of Artificial Intelligence for Supply Chain Collaboration: Past, Present, and Future Research Agenda, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.bvl.de/files/1951/1988/1852/4932/10.23773_2024_5.pdf
Timeline of robotics, accessed July 4, 2025, https://timelines.issarice.com/wiki/Timeline_of_robotics
US9002098B1 - Robotic visual perception system - Google Patents, accessed July 4, 2025, https://patents.google.com/patent/US9002098B1/en
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units
Why did it take until 2013 for machine learning to be ran on GPU's : r/MLQuestions - Reddit, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/MLQuestions/comments/1hwynby/why_did_it_take_until_2013_for_machine_learning/
Machine Learning Methods for Small Data Challenges in Molecular Science - PMC, accessed July 4, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10999174/
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School AI IN EDUCATION: EFFECTIVE MACHINE LEARNING METHODS TO IMPROVE DATA SCARCI - The PIKE Group, accessed July 4, 2025, https://pike.psu.edu/publications/thesis-tracy.pdf
Machine Learning in the Big Data Age: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Prospects, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377438052_Machine_Learning_in_the_Big_Data_Age_Advancements_Challenges_and_Future_Prospects
The Challenges of Machine Learning: A Critical Review - MDPI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/13/2/416
Interpretable machine learning: Fundamental principles and 10 grand challenges - Project Euclid, accessed July 4, 2025, https://projecteuclid.org/journals/statistics-surveys/volume-16/issue-none/Interpretable-machine-learning-Fundamental-principles-and-10-grand-challenges/10.1214/21-SS133.pdf
Interpretable machine learning - UK Parliament, accessed July 4, 2025, http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PN-0633/POST-PN-0633.pdf
(PDF) Machine Learning, Its Limitations, and Solutions Over IT - ResearchGate, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344784989_Machine_Learning_Its_Limitations_and_Solutions_Over_IT
The AI Revolution: Transforming Lives Over the Years - AI-Pro.org, accessed July 4, 2025, https://ai-pro.org/learn-ai/articles/the-ai-revolution-transforming-lives-over-the-years/
(PDF) On the Evolution of A.I. and Machine Learning: Towards ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360888073_On_the_Evolution_of_AI_and_Machine_Learning_Towards_Measuring_and_Understanding_Impact_Influence_and_Leadership_at_Premier_AI_Conferences
Artificial Intelligence (AI) - UC Berkeley EECS, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Areas/AI/
The Rise and Fall of Industrial Research Labs - Communications of the ACM, accessed July 4, 2025, https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/the-rise-and-fall-of-industrial-research-labs/
Origins of IBM Research | IBM, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.ibm.com/history/research-origins
The First Ten Years of Artificial Intelligence Research at Stanford - DTIC, accessed July 4, 2025, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0776233.pdf
Google DeepMind - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind
AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAI_Conference_on_Artificial_Intelligence
AAAI Conference Proceedings, accessed July 4, 2025, https://aaai.org/aaai-publications/aaai-conference-proceedings/
Artificial Intelligence - Google Scholar Metrics, accessed July 4, 2025, https://scholar.google.es/citations?view_op=top_venues&hl=en&vq=eng_artificialintelligence
Works cited
Company \ Anthropic, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.anthropic.com/company
Our structure | OpenAI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://openai.com/our-structure/
Artificial General Intelligence: 5 Perspectives to Help You Prepare ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.gartner.com/en/articles/artificial-general-intelligence
About - Google DeepMind, accessed July 4, 2025, https://deepmind.google/about/
OpenAI - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI
medium.com, accessed July 4, 2025, https://medium.com/@saimoguloju2/the-future-of-artificial-superintelligence-humanitys-greatest-promise-and-peril-8d2d4c04d7b9
Nick Bostrom: Will AI lead to tyranny? We are entering an age of existential risk - UnHerd, accessed July 4, 2025, https://unherd.com/2023/11/nick-bostrom-will-ai-lead-to-tyranny/
DeepSeek - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepSeek
Meta Goes All-In on 'Superintelligence' with Scale AI's Alexandr ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.maginative.com/article/meta-goes-all-in-on-superintelligence-with-scale-ais-alexandr-wang-at-the-helm/
Meta - Maginative, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.maginative.com/tag/meta/
xAI (company) - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_(company)
Timeline of OpenAI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://timelines.issarice.com/wiki/Timeline_of_OpenAI
Inside Meta’s Superintelligence Lab: The scientists Mark Zuckerberg handpicked; the race to build real AGI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/inside-metas-superintelligence-lab-the-scientists-mark-zuckerberg-handpicked-the-race-to-build-real-agi/articleshow/122207465.cms
Demis Hassabis - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demis_Hassabis
Who Are The Anthropic Founders? - AI Mode, accessed July 4, 2025, https://aimode.co/anthropic-founders/
Data Pipelines for LLMs: Key Steps | newline - Fullstack.io, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.newline.co/@zaoyang/data-pipelines-for-llms-key-steps--b42fa4f3
Setting Up Data Pipeline For LLMs With Data-Juicer - Labellerr, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.labellerr.com/blog/data-collection-and-processing-in-llms-datajuicer/
How we think about safety and alignment | OpenAI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://openai.com/safety/how-we-think-about-safety-alignment/
Why Anthropic is Betting Big on AI Safety as a Growth Strategy - WarTime CEO Stories, accessed July 4, 2025, https://wartimeceostories.com/p/speed-over-safety
I read every major AI lab's safety plan so you don't have to - Effective Altruism Forum, accessed July 4, 2025, https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/fsxQGjhYecDoHshxX/i-read-every-major-ai-lab-s-safety-plan-so-you-don-t-have-to
History of Google DeepMind Artificial Intelligence. (UPDATED) - Supply Chain Today, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.supplychaintoday.com/google-deepmind-artificial-intelligence/
Google DeepMind: 2025 TIME100 Most Influential Companies - Time Magazine, accessed July 4, 2025, https://time.com/collections/time100-companies-2025/7289661/google-deepmind/
Google DeepMind - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind
Our AI journey and milestones - Google AI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://ai.google/our-ai-journey/
How Google DeepMind builds AI | Google Cloud Blog, accessed July 4, 2025, https://cloud.google.com/transform/building-ai-that-benefits-humanity-google-deepmind-responsible-ai-ethical-ai
History of OpenAI: Founders, Early Contributors, and Investors | by ByteBridge | Medium, accessed July 4, 2025, https://bytebridge.medium.com/history-of-openai-founders-early-contributors-and-investors-6845e3bc2be4
A Timeline of OpenAI's Technology and History - KnowledgeNile, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.knowledgenile.com/blogs/a-timeline-of-openais-technology-and-history-how-openai-changed-the-world
OpenAI Timeline - AI Blog, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.artificial-intelligence.blog/ai-news/openai-timeline
8 OpenAI Statistics (2025): Revenue, Valuation, Profit, Funding - TapTwice Digital, accessed July 4, 2025, https://taptwicedigital.com/stats/openai
OpenAI revenue, growth rate & funding | Sacra, accessed July 4, 2025, https://sacra.com/c/openai/
OpenAI reaches $10B in annual recurring revenue as ChatGPT adoption accelerates, accessed July 4, 2025, https://siliconangle.com/2025/06/09/openai-reaches-10b-annual-recurring-revenue-chatgpt-adoption-accelerates/
Anthropic - Join Prospect, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.joinprospect.com/company/anthropic
Anthropic: Pioneering AI Safety and Innovation | by ByteBridge - Medium, accessed July 4, 2025, https://bytebridge.medium.com/anthropic-pioneering-ai-safety-and-innovation-28da9172a50d
Latest Anthropic (Claude AI) Statistics (2025) | StatsUp - Analyzify, accessed July 4, 2025, https://analyzify.com/statsup/anthropic
Timeline of Anthropic - Timelines, accessed July 4, 2025, https://timelines.issarice.com/wiki/Timeline_of_Anthropic
Anthropic - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic
Zuckerberg declares Meta's superintelligence era but one key figure is missing | Ctech, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/syogtlgrxx
The rise of generative AI: A timeline of breakthrough innovations - Qualcomm, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2024/02/the-rise-of-generative-ai-timeline-of-breakthrough-innovations
Meta AI - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_AI
What exactly is xAI? | TIME, accessed July 4, 2025, https://time.com/collections/the-ai-dictionary-from-allbusiness-com/7274006/definition-of-xai/
Elon Musk's xAI is paying Telegram $300 million to adopt Grok - Engadget, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.engadget.com/ai/elon-musks-xai-is-paying-telegram-300-million-to-adopt-grok-154232007.html
Report: Perplexity Business Breakdown & Founding Story | Contrary ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://research.contrary.com/company/perplexity
Founder Story: Aravind Srinivas of Perplexity AI - Frederick AI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.frederick.ai/blog/aravind-srinivas-perplexity-ai
Perplexity AI - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perplexity_AI
Who built DeepSeek? A start-up by a primary school teacher's son ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/who-founded-chatgpt-rival-deepseek-a-primary-school-teachers-son-from-china-his-education-qualifications-and-other-details/articleshow/117610144.cms
Transformer (deep learning architecture) - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)
Introduction to Sequence Modeling with Transformers - arXiv, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.arxiv.org/pdf/2502.19597
An Introduction to Transformers - arXiv, accessed July 4, 2025, https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.10557
LLM training pipelines with Langchain, Airbyte, and Dagster, accessed July 4, 2025, https://dagster.io/blog/training-llms
Data preparation for LLMs: techniques, tools and our established pipeline - Nebius, accessed July 4, 2025, https://nebius.com/blog/posts/data-preparation/llm-dataprep-techniques
Data processing for LLMs: Techniques, Challenges & Tips - Turing, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.turing.com/resources/understanding-data-processing-techniques-for-llms
Mastering LLM Techniques: Text Data Processing | NVIDIA Technical Blog, accessed July 4, 2025, https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/mastering-llm-techniques-data-preprocessing/
Ultimate Guide to Preprocessing Pipelines for LLMs - Ghost, accessed July 4, 2025, https://latitude-blog.ghost.io/blog/ultimate-guide-to-preprocessing-pipelines-for-llms/
Data for LLMs: Navigating the LLM Data Pipeline | by Abhijith Neil Abraham | Medium, accessed July 4, 2025, https://medium.com/@abhijithneilabraham/data-for-llms-navigating-the-llm-data-pipeline-23a449993782
What is RLHF? - Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback Explained - AWS, accessed July 4, 2025, https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/reinforcement-learning-from-human-feedback/
What Is Reinforcement Learning From Human Feedback (RLHF ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/rlhf
Reinforcement learning from human feedback - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback
Illustrating Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), accessed July 4, 2025, https://huggingface.co/blog/rlhf
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF): Bridging AI and Human Expertise | Lakera – Protecting AI teams that disrupt the world., accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.lakera.ai/blog/reinforcement-learning-from-human-feedback
Alignment Adventures — AI's Tricky Path | by Joe Kagumba | Medium, accessed July 4, 2025, https://medium.com/@jrkagumba/alignment-adventures-ais-tricky-path-e1ad2157a3fc
AI alignment - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_alignment
The AI Alignment Problem - Securing.AI, accessed July 4, 2025, https://securing.ai/ai-safety/ai-alignment-problem/
Outer vs inner misalignment: three framings — LessWrong, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/poyshiMEhJsAuifKt/outer-vs-inner-misalignment-three-framings-1
What is the AI Alignment Problem and why is it important? | by Sahin Ahmed, Data Scientist, accessed July 4, 2025, https://medium.com/@sahin.samia/what-is-the-ai-alignment-problem-and-why-is-it-important-15167701da6f
What is AI alignment? - BlueDot Impact, accessed July 4, 2025, https://bluedot.org/blog/what-is-ai-alignment
Outer Alignment - LessWrong, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.lesswrong.com/w/outer-alignment
Nick Bostrom on 'Existential Risks' - Sam Woolfe, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.samwoolfe.com/2013/08/philosopher-nick-bostrom-on-existential-risks.html
Nick Bostrom - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom
Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control by Stuart Russell, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.cato.org/cato-journal/spring/summer-2020/human-compatible-artificial-intelligence-problem-control-stuart
Artificial Superintelligence: Benefits & Risks - BotPenguin, accessed July 4, 2025, https://botpenguin.com/glossary/artificial-superintelligence
How AI can be detrimental to our social fabric | Infosys BPM, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.infosysbpm.com/blogs/business-transformation/how-ai-can-be-detrimental-to-our-social-fabric.html
Warnings of AI-Induced Societal Harm and Potential Misuse of AI-Generated Videos, accessed July 4, 2025, https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2025-06-08-5b60
Responsibility & Safety - Google DeepMind, accessed July 4, 2025, https://deepmind.google/about/responsibility-safety/
Understanding and Addressing AI Harms \ Anthropic, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.anthropic.com/news/our-approach-to-understanding-and-addressing-ai-harms
OpenAI's $10 Billion Revenue Milestone: A Reality Check on Silicon Valley's Latest Darling, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.techi.com/openai-10-billion-revenue-analysis-profitability-concerns/
7 Anthropic Statistics (2025): Revenue, Valuation, Users, Funding - TapTwice Digital, accessed July 4, 2025, https://taptwicedigital.com/stats/anthropic
Anthropic Annual Revenue Reportedly Reaches $4 Billion - PYMNTS.com, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.pymnts.com/artificial-intelligence-2/2025/anthropic-annual-revenue-reportedly-reaches-4-billion/
Anthropic revenue, funding & news | Sacra, accessed July 4, 2025, https://sacra.com/c/anthropic/
Perplexity AI Statistics 2025: Users & Revenue Data - DemandSage, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.demandsage.com/perplexity-ai-statistics/
OpenAI's revenue almost doubles to $10 billion | Digital Watch Observatory, accessed July 4, 2025, https://dig.watch/updates/openais-revenue-almost-doubles-to-10-billion
How Artificial General Intelligence Could Affect the Rise and Fall of Nations - RAND, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA3034-2.html
Our Approach to Frontier AI - About Meta, accessed July 4, 2025, https://about.fb.com/news/2025/02/meta-approach-frontier-ai/
NVIDIA, RTXs, H100, and more: The Evolution of GPU | Deepgram, accessed July 4, 2025, https://deepgram.com/learn/evolution-of-gpu
Nvidia GPUs through the ages: The history of Nvidia's graphics cards - Pocket-lint, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.pocket-lint.com/nvidia-gpu-history/
NVIDIA's Fermi: The First Complete GPU Computing Architecture, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.nvidia.com/content/pdf/fermi_white_papers/p.glaskowsky_nvidia's_fermi-the_first_complete_gpu_architecture.pdf
Why's Nvidia such a beast? It's that CUDA thing. | SemiWiki, accessed July 4, 2025, https://semiwiki.com/forum/threads/why%E2%80%99s-nvidia-such-a-beast-it%E2%80%99s-that-cuda-thing.21393/
en.wikipedia.org, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA#:~:text=CUDA%20was%20created%20by%20Nvidia,and%20now%20rarely%20expands%20it.
CUDA - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA
NVIDIA's Fermi: A Complete GPU Computing Architecture - YouTube, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsWaprgUuvE
Pascal Architecture | NVIDIA Developer, accessed July 4, 2025, https://developer.nvidia.com/pascal
NVIDIA's Next-Gen Pascal GPU Architecture to Provide 10X Speedup for Deep Learning Apps - Research & Development World, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.rdworldonline.com/nvidias-next-gen-pascal-gpu-architecture-to-provide-10x-speedup-for-deep-learning-apps/
Tensor Cores Explained in Simple Terms | DigitalOcean, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/understanding-tensor-cores
Jensen Huang GTC Keynote Speech Transcript – Data Sør, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.datasor.no/jensen-huang-gtc-keynote-speech-transcript/
GTC Keynote with NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang - Rev, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.rev.com/transcripts/gtc-keynote-with-nvidia-ceo-jensen-huang
Kepler (microarchitecture) - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_(microarchitecture)
NVIDIA Tesla GPUs Built on Kepler Architecture - Digital Engineering 24/7, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.digitalengineering247.com/article/nvidia-tesla-gpus-built-on-kepler-architecture
Maxwell (microarchitecture) - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(microarchitecture)
Maxwell Architecture - NVIDIA Developer, accessed July 4, 2025, https://developer.nvidia.com/maxwell-compute-architecture
In-Depth Comparison of NVIDIA Tesla "Maxwell" GPU Accelerators ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.microway.com/knowledge-center-articles/in-depth-comparison-of-nvidia-tesla-maxwell-gpu-accelerators/
Evolution of NVIDIA Data Center GPUs: From Pascal to Grace Blackwell - Server Simply, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.serversimply.com/blog/evolution-of-nvidia-data-center-gpus
Inside Pascal: NVIDIA's Newest Computing Platform | NVIDIA ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/inside-pascal/
What are Tensor Cores? A Beginner's Intro - Liquid Web, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.liquidweb.com/gpu/tensor-core/
Turing (microarchitecture) - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_(microarchitecture)
Graphics Cards with Turing GPU Architecture - NVIDIA, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.nvidia.com/en-in/geforce/turing/
NVIDIA Ampere Architecture for Deep Learning and AI - DEV Community, accessed July 4, 2025, https://dev.to/javaeeeee/nvidia-ampere-architecture-for-deep-learning-and-ai-ig2
Exploring the Evolution of GPUs: NVIDIA Hopper vs. Ampere Architectures, accessed July 4, 2025, https://blog.paperspace.com/a100-v-h100/
NVIDIA GPU Architectures for AI - ApX Machine Learning, accessed July 4, 2025, https://apxml.com/courses/how-to-build-a-large-language-model/chapter-18-hardware-considerations-llm-training/gpu-architectures-nvidia
NVIDIA AMPERE GA102 GPU ARCHITECTURE, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.nvidia.com/content/PDF/nvidia-ampere-ga-102-gpu-architecture-whitepaper-v2.pdf
NVIDIA Ampere Architecture: Deep Learning and AI Acceleration : r/AIProgrammingHardware - Reddit, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/AIProgrammingHardware/comments/1hgzqyl/nvidia_ampere_architecture_deep_learning_and_ai/
Hopper GPU Architecture: Key Innovations & Technical Features, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.atlantic.net/gpu-server-hosting/hopper-gpu-architecture-key-innovations-and-technical-features/
Hopper (microarchitecture) - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper_(microarchitecture)
NVIDIA/TransformerEngine: A library for accelerating Transformer models on NVIDIA GPUs, including using 8-bit floating point (FP8) precision on Hopper, Ada and Blackwell GPUs, to provide better performance with lower memory utilization in both training and inference. - GitHub, accessed July 4, 2025, https://github.com/NVIDIA/TransformerEngine
NVIDIA Blackwell GPU architecture: Unleashing next‑gen AI ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://wandb.ai/onlineinference/genai-research/reports/NVIDIA-Blackwell-GPU-architecture-Unleashing-next-gen-AI-performance--VmlldzoxMjgwODI4Mw
Blackwell (microarchitecture) - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_(microarchitecture)
Introducing NVFP4 for Efficient and Accurate Low-Precision Inference - NVIDIA Developer, accessed July 4, 2025, https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/introducing-nvfp4-for-efficient-and-accurate-low-precision-inference/
Intel Gaudi2 Accelerator Beats NVIDIA H100 at Stable Diffusion 3 by 55% - TechPowerUp, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.techpowerup.com/forums/threads/intel-gaudi2-accelerator-beats-nvidia-h100-at-stable-diffusion-3-by-55.320228/
AWS wants its customers to use its Trainium chips rather than ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.techradar.com/pro/and-so-it-begins-amazon-web-services-is-aggressively-courting-its-own-customers-to-use-its-trainium-tech-rather-than-nvidias-gpus
AMD Instinct vs NVIDIA Tesla (2025) - PeerSpot, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.peerspot.com/products/comparisons/amd-instinct_vs_nvidia-tesla
Nvidia Subsidiaries and Acquisitions - Insights;Gate - GreyB, accessed July 4, 2025, https://insights.greyb.com/nvidia-subsidiaries-and-acquisitions/
Nvidia's Strategic Investments in AI Startups: Shaping the Future of ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://ubos.tech/news/nvidias-strategic-investments-in-ai-startups-shaping-the-future-of-technology/
www.mitrade.com, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.mitrade.com/insights/news/live-news/article-8-929978-20250702#:~:text=Nvidia's%20investments%20into%20CoreWeave%20(CRWW,is%20likely%20the%20crown%20jewel.
What is the NVIDIA Inception Program? - Cirrascale Cloud Services, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.cirrascale.com/products-and-services/nvidia-inception
NVIDIA Inception program - Volograms, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.volograms.com/news/nvidia-inception-program
AI for Robotics | NVIDIA, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/industries/robotics/
Isaac Sim - Robotics Simulation and Synthetic Data Generation ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://developer.nvidia.com/isaac/sim
Nvidia Drive - Wikipedia, accessed July 4, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Drive
NVIDIA Drive | Level 2+ Autonomous Vehicle Solution, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.nvidia.com/content/dam/en-zz/Solutions/self-driving-cars/drive-platform/auto-print-drive-product-brief-final.pdf
ASUS IoT NVIDIA Jetson Series Edge AI Computers, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.asus.com/content/edge-ai-nvidia-jetson-series/
NVIDIA Jetson Platform | Edge AI - ADLINK Technology, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.adlinktech.com/en/nvidia-jetson-platform
www.peerspot.com, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.peerspot.com/products/comparisons/amd-instinct_vs_nvidia-tesla#:~:text=AMD%20and%20NVIDIA%20are%20both,compared%20to%20NVIDIA's%2010.8%25%20mindshare.
AMD Instinct MI250 vs NVIDIA A100: The LLM Inference Showdown - Dynamiq, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.getdynamiq.ai/post/amd-instinct-mi250-vs-nvidia-a100-the-llm-inference-showdown
Intel Gaudi 2 Remains Only Benchmarked Alternative to NV H100 for GenAI Performance, accessed July 4, 2025, https://newsroom.intel.com/artificial-intelligence/new-gaudi-2-xeon-performance-ai-inference
Intel Gaudi 2 accelerators versus Nvidia's A100 and H100 : r/wallstreetbets - Reddit, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/wallstreetbets/comments/1bcqd31/intel_gaudi_2_accelerators_versus_nvidias_a100/
TPU vs GPU in AI: Similarities and Differences - Liquid Web, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.liquidweb.com/gpu/vs-tpu/
TPU vs GPU: What's the Difference in 2025? - CloudOptimo, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.cloudoptimo.com/blog/tpu-vs-gpu-what-is-the-difference-in-2025/
GPU and TPU Comparative Analysis Report | by ByteBridge - Medium, accessed July 4, 2025, https://bytebridge.medium.com/gpu-and-tpu-comparative-analysis-report-a5268e4f0d2a
Cloud AI Platforms Comparison: AWS Trainium vs Google TPU v5e vs Azure ND H100, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.cloudexpat.com/blog/comparison-aws-trainium-google-tpu-v5e-azure-nd-h100-nvidia/
NVIDIA Revenue 2010-2025 | NVDA | MacroTrends, accessed July 4, 2025, https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/NVDA/nvidia/revenue
Nvidia sets new record, leaves Apple and Microsoft behind to ..., accessed July 4, 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/nvidia-sets-new-record-leaves-apple-and-microsoft-behind-to-become-first-company-in-history-to-achieve-this-milestone/articleshow/122232314.cms
Nvidia Letter (Mr. Jensen Huang, CEO) - Select Committee on the CCP | - House.gov, accessed July 4, 2025, https://selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/media/letters/nvidia-letter-mr-jensen-huang-ceo
China: Seventy Years of Reinventing the Social CodeFrom Mao’s utopian revolutions to Xi Jinping’s algorithmic governance, China’s modern history is a study in state-led transformation—ambitious, often brutal, occasionally visionary. In this episode, Jerry and Rachel trace seventy years of social engineering, from the Great Leap Forward to today’s algorithmic control systems. Along the way, they examine both repression and reform, chaos and modernization, through the rise of two technological powerhouses: Huawei and Alibaba.
This isn’t about judging who’s right. It’s about understanding difference—how a civilization with its own historical memory and political logic has chosen to shape its society. In a fragmented world, learning from each other’s successes and failures may be the only path forward.
Source Material Links Thank you to all of the producers of our source material. They are the inspiration for the show. Asiaonmetry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQeC7gp8vmU&list=PLKtxx9TnH76RWrnXqLvylTy8PjApxwgPq&index=13
Construction Physicshttps://www.construction-physics.com/p/morris-chang-and-the-origins-of-tsmc
Gemini Deep Research Works Cited:Works cited
1. China Escalates Cross-Strait Military Activity Under Taiwan ... - CSIS, https://www.csis.org/analysis/china-escalates-cross-strait-military-activity-under-taiwan-president-william-lai 2. China launches military drills in waters around Taiwan | BBC News - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxQpaFasvok 3. China holds large-scale military drills around Taiwan - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gn7TCXMCVo&pp=0gcJCf0Ao7VqN5tD 4. U.S.-Taiwan Trade and Economic Relations | Congress.gov, https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF10256 5. 2025-0221: U.S. Drops Wording on Not Supporting Taiwan Independence; U.S., Japan, ROK Highlight Taiwan Strait Peace; Canada's Taiwan Strait Transit - Formosan Association for Public Affairs, https://fapa.org/2025-0221-u-s-drops-wording-on-not-supporting-taiwan-independence-u-s-japan-rok-highlight-taiwan-strait-peace-canadas-taiwan-strait-transit/ 6. Did the US Just Change Its Taiwan Policy? - The Diplomat, https://thediplomat.com/2025/02/did-the-us-just-change-its-taiwan-policy/ 7. 2025-0103: FAPA Applauds Enactment of 2025 NDAA; Drawdown Aid Package for Taiwan; U.S. Arms Sales to Taiwan - Formosan Association for Public Affairs, https://fapa.org/2025-0103-fapa-applauds-enactment-of-2025-ndaa-drawdown-aid-package-for-taiwan-u-s-arms-sales-to-taiwan/ 8. US Congress passes NDAA 2025 with enhanced Taiwan security cooperation, https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&sms=272&s=118851 9. President Lai delivers remarks on US tariff policy response-News ..., https://english.president.gov.tw/News/6935 10. China-Taiwan Weekly Update, May 30, 2025 | Institute for the Study of War, https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/china-taiwan-weekly-update-may-30-2025 11. How Taiwan Is Boosting War Prep Amid Escalating China Threat | Island Readies For A Siege - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ECVt5IuN-M 12. Disruptions to Trade in the Taiwan Strait Would Severely Impact ..., https://www.csis.org/analysis/disruptions-trade-taiwan-strait-would-severely-impact-chinas-economy 13. As U.S.-Taiwan Trade Strengthens, Tensions With China Complicates Business | WSJ, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IgBsQGeyTw 14. Escalating Tensions: US-China Relations and Taiwan - YouTube, https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=iLMPqHFWjy8 15. Taiwan Strait Tensions: How This Strategic Waterway Shapes Global Geopolitics?, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgQWreeg6Kk 16. What And Where Is The Taiwan Strait? - International Policy Zone - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGni02RYXVo 17. China warns US not to 'play with fire' over Taiwan | Military News | Al ..., https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/china-warns-us-not-to-play-with-fire-over-taiwan 18. China sends scores of planes across central line in Taiwan Strait ..., https://apnews.com/article/taiwan-china-planes-center-line-british-ship-b1618804e7a4bc66c411cb3cb171480a 19. Taiwan: Background and U.S. Relations - Congress.gov, https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF10275 20. Taiwan 2025 - U.S.-China Perception Monitor, https://uscnpm.org/2025/02/11/taiwan-2025/ 21. Taiwan Affairs Office responds to absence of 'peaceful reunification' in 2024 and 2025 government work reports - Global Times, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202503/1329961.shtml 22. After China's “Ready for War” Threat, US Says “Prepared For Worst Scenario” From The Frontline| N18G - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CIzeznO7YA&pp=0gcJCdgAo7VqN5tD 23. Taiwan pursues homegrown Chinese spies as Beijing intensifies espionage, https://hongkongfp.com/2025/06/21/taiwan-pursues-homegrown-chinese-spies-as-beijing-intensifies-espionage/ 24. Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Foreign Minister Wang Yi Meets the Press_Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjbzhd/202503/t20250307_11571025.html 25. China-Taiwan Weekly Update, May 17, 2025 | American Enterprise Institute - AEI, https://www.aei.org/articles/china-taiwan-weekly-update-may-17-2025/ 26. Ma's China visit; DPP's blind spot - Taipei Times, https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2025/06/18/2003838790 27. The Future of Taiwan-U.S. Relations in a Changing Geopolitical Landscape - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKaN_-nlfjA 28. The Return to Strategic Ambiguity: Assessing Trump's Taiwan Stance, https://www.fpri.org/article/2025/05/the-return-to-strategic-ambiguity-assessing-trumps-taiwan-stance/ 29. US Strategic Communication Toward Taiwan: From Ambiguity to Clarity? - ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390472359_US_Strategic_Communication_Toward_Taiwan_From_Ambiguity_to_Clarity 30. The Risks of Rushing to Denial in the Taiwan Strait - CSIS, https://www.csis.org/analysis/risks-rushing-denial-taiwan-strait 31. Even Taiwan Can't Believe What USA Just Did to CHINA - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETXBZuSAIAQ 32. China-Taiwan Weekly Update, June 16, 2025 | Institute for the Study of War, https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/china-taiwan-weekly-update-june-16-2025 33. U.S.-Taiwan Trade and Economic Relations - CRS Products from the Library of Congress, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10256/20 34. EEAS G7: Joint statement of the Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Charlevoix - European Union, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/g7-joint-statement-foreign-ministers%E2%80%99-meeting-charlevoix_en 35. Final Joint Statement of the ASEAN-GCC-China Summit 27 May 2025, https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Final-Joint-Statement-of-the-ASEAN-GCC-China-Summit-27-May-2025.pdf
Episode
— Championships, Chip Wars, and the Darwin Code
What this episode’s about:This isn’t just a tech episode — it’s a geopolitical reality check. In today’s segment, Jerry and Rachel weave together threads from three heavyweight conversations: Google CEO Sundar Pichai on the power of recursive AI, Ken Rogoff on China’s economic reckoning, and investors Brad Gerstner & Bill Gurley on the AI talent race and global chip diplomacy.
We ask a simple but urgent question: What does it take to win the AI championship?
Key topics:
* Why America’s immigration policy could make or break its AI lead
* The rise of data walls: open vs. closed enterprise ecosystems
* China’s “1,000 startup strategy” and its capitalist-survivalist twist
* The rare earth + AI chip standoff — and the case for a grand trade
* Why banning Chinese students in STEM might backfire catastrophically
* How Pichai’s AI optimism meets Rogoff’s macro realism
* The uncomfortable truth: America’s luck is wearing thin
Why you should listen:If you care about technology, talent, or the tectonic shifts shaping the 21st century, this episode delivers the synthesis others are missing. It’s not just commentary — it’s connective tissue between innovation, policy, and power.
“If you and I want to win championships, we shouldn't care where the player is from — we just need the best on the team.”— Brad Gerstner
🎧 Listen now — and share with someone who still thinks AGI is 20 years away.
Artificial intelligence, nuclear strategy, geopolitical brinkmanship—just another week in the simulation.
About that… P(doom) is a narrative podcast hosted by two synthetic minds, Rachel and Jerry, who unpack the smartest and scariest ideas from across tech, policy, and science media. Each episode distills urgent questions from longform sources into sharp, satirical, and unsettling conversations.
We cover topics like:
* AI alignment and ethical realism from Scott Sumner’s Doom Debates interview
* Nuclear launch protocols and bureaucratic apocalypse from Fred Kaplan’s The Bomb and his Hardcore History-style interview
* 72-minute doomsday scenarios from Annie Jacobsen’s Nuclear War: A Scenario
* Middle East war escalation logic via War on the Rocks: Israel, Iran & Deterrence
What’s the probability of doom? What happens when systems move faster than ethics? And what kind of future are we still willing to choose?
This show doesn’t pretend to answer every existential question. But it does know how to ask the right ones.
Subscribe if:
* You want fewer hot takes and more cold realism
* You’re curious whether AGI is our last invention—or our best
* You know what "alignment" means, and still have hope
New episodes weekly. Intelligence isn’t enough. Alignment is everything.
From the publisher's feed