In the wake of school disruptions during the pandemic, reports of widespread student misbehavior have been making headlines. It's the kind of story that attracts attention, with armchair analysis from individuals outside the field of education. Today, we'll hear from teacher, consultant, and author Arlène Elizabeth Casimir about how the behavior categorized as misbehavior is often an expression of trauma. In this excerpt from Trauma-Responsive Pedagogy: Teaching for Healing and Transformation, which Arlène co-authored with Courtney Baker, she explains how educators can easily miss signs of trauma in students. She shares ways in which students' trauma manifests in their behavior and helps us understand how adults' words can unconsciously punish students for their trauma responses.

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