Conservation and Science

What are the latest advancements in gene editing for crops? How can genetic engineering help plants withstand climate change? Is genetically modified food safe for consumption? To answer these questions, I talk with Ido Margalit, a co-founder and the CEO of BetterSeeds, a plant genetics company focused exclusively on using genome editing/CRISPR technology for their breeding activities. Ido explains the differences between GMOs and gene editing, highlighting how CRISPR allows for precise modifications without introducing foreign genetic material. He discusses the potential of gene editing to create drought and heat-resistant crops, addressing the urgent challenges posed by climate change.

Ido talks about the specific traits his company is developing, such as plants that can reduce water usage by 70% without compromising yield. He explains how these advancements can contribute to sustainable agriculture by reducing energy consumption in irrigation and greenhouse temperature regulation. Our conversation also touches on the regulatory landscape for gene-edited crops. Ido notes that many countries treat gene-edited plants similarly to conventionally bred varieties due to their low-risk profile.

We finish discussing the broader implications of climate change for agriculture and the role gene editing can play in ensuring food security. Ido emphasises the safety of gene-edited crops and encourages farmers to embrace this technology as a solution for the future. He also mentions ongoing work to develop an enabling technology that would make CRISPR more accessible and applicable across a wider range of crops, potentially revolutionising plant breeding and agricultural practices.

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The guest featured in this episode paid a nominal guesting fee. This fee did not influence the content of the episode. The guest had no editorial control, did not review the episode before publication, and did not influence the questions asked during the interview.

Can large carnivore conservation coexist with livestock farming? In this episode, environmental social scientist Jonny Hanson and I discuss the complex issue of large carnivore reintroductions in Britain and Ireland. What are farmers' perspectives on sharing landscapes with predators like wolves and lynx? How can we balance conservation goals with the realities of modern agriculture? We explore these pressing questions, drawing from Jonny’s extensive research and firsthand experience as both a researcher and small-scale farmer.

Interested in the potential reintroduction of large carnivores to Britain and Ireland? Read Jonny's informative report, "Large Carnivore Reintroductions: Farmers' Perspectives and Management Options," along with other relevant resources in the public edition of my newsletter. To receive future issues containing additional reading materials that expand on podcast discussions, consider subscribing to my newsletter.

In the episode, we discuss the challenges of large carnivore restoration to landscapes where they've been absent for centuries. Jonny highlights the importance of governance and stakeholder engagement in managing potential conflicts between wildlife and livestock. Our conversation covers various management tools, from livestock guardian dogs to compensation schemes, and examines their practical implications for farmers. Jonny also talks about the need for more social science research to understand the cultural and psychological aspects of reintroductions.

The episode concludes with a thought-provoking discussion on innovative approaches to wildlife management, including the potential use of technology to create "virtual fences" for large carnivores. We also explore the ethical implications of such interventions and question whether they diminish the wildness of reintroduced animals. This episode offers valuable insights into the complexities of rewilding and the delicate balance between conservation and agriculture. Listen to learn how human perspectives shape our future landscapes.

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This is one of the most thought-provoking books I have read. Although I don’t agree with everything in the book, I can overlook my disagreements because of how brilliant some parts that I do agree with are. So I couldn’t wait to sit down with the author, expert ecologist, Simon Mustoe for a chat about his views and, of course, about the book.

In his book, “Wildlife in The Balance”, Simon lays out the case for animals being the most important ingredient of the ecosystem. He outlines the critical importance of keeping the planet’s energy inputs and outputs in balance and the role animals play in ensuring this balance. This connection of ecology with physics is one of the most unique and forward-thinking aspects of this book. To extend this thought, it contains one of the most comprehensive and compelling explanations of why the climate crisis and biodiversity crisis are in fact one and the same — neither can be solved separately.

After reading this book, I started to question many things that I had thought to be unequivocally true. For example, the removal of overabundant species, like deer, that are thought to be having a negative effect on the local ecosystem. I’m not saying that I think it’s not true anymore, but it made me question whether it is really true.

Buy "Wildlife in the Balance" here.

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This is the Conservation and Science podcast Replay series, a curated collection of best episodes from last year. If you are new to the show, this is an excellent opportunity to catch up with the most popular episodes from the back catalogue. And if you’re a regular listener, maybe you missed one of those or want to listen to one of them again. Don’t worry! The new episodes are being published on the regular fortnightly schedule, so keep tuning in for the new content every other Tuesday.

Are humans part of nature or separate from it? How do we define native species, and should we always strive to eradicate invasive ones? Can urban green spaces play a role in addressing climate change and biodiversity loss? And what is the Anthropocene anyway? These are only some of the questions I discussed with Dr. Marcus Collier, an Associate Professor of Sustainability Science at Trinity College Dublin. His expertise in nature-based solutions gives us a new perspective on answering these complex questions and a fresh approach to environmental issues.

In this episode, we talk about the fascinating world of novel ecosystems. We explore the complex relationship between humans and nature while challenging traditional notions of ecosystem restoration and conservation. I asked Marcus to clarify the concept of the Anthropocene and its implications for our understanding of the human impact on the environment. We also didn’t shy away from the controversies surrounding invasive species and ecological restoration practices. Marcus shares his insights on how our perception of time and history influences our approach to ecosystem management and highlights the challenges of defining a "natural" state in an ever-changing world.

Then our conversation shifts to cultural landscapes and urban environments, highlighting the importance of nature-based solutions in cities. Marcus emphasises the benefits of urban greening initiatives, from improved air quality to enhanced mental health, while acknowledging potential drawbacks like gentrification. He advocates for a multifaceted approach to environmental challenges, emphasising the need for both technological and nature-based solutions for issues such as water quality and climate change.

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Why was the farming community so opposed to the EU’s Nature Restoration Law? Doesn’t a healthy ecosystem benefit agriculture? Isn’t the availability of additional payments for alternative use of unproductive land a good thing? Aren’t the measures built into the law sufficient to protect the actively used agricultural land? To find answers to those and other questions related to farming and biodiversity I sat down (in his kitchen) with Bill O’Keeffe a dairy farmer from Co. Kilkenny.

In case you are wondering, Bill is involved with the Irish Farmers’ Association but he spoke with me very much from his personal perspective. His family has been farming in the area for the past 400 years, so without a doubt, his perspectives on farming are different from those of people who don’t have such a sense of belonging to a place. And so we talk about farming practices and their impacts on the environment, farming communities and the looming changes. We also discuss the important difference between a farmer and a landowner. 

Besides this podcast episode, I made a video where Bill shows us around his farm and talks about it and how he farms. The video is available on my Conservation and Science YouTube channel, so head over there to watch it.

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The views and opinions expressed in this podcast are those of the individual participants and do not necessarily reflect any organisation's official policy or position. The participants are expressing their personal opinions and perspectives.

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Disclaimer

The views and opinions expressed in this podcast are those of the individual participants and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any organisation. The participants are expressing their personal opinions and perspectives.

Should we worry about consuming venison from an animal harvested with lead ammunition? Will cutting out and discarding meat around the impact area solve the problem? And what are the best practices to keep us safe?

Most of us have heard about the negative effects of lead on health. Not only on our health but also on the health of the ecosystems. In this episode, we are answering questions about the scale and severity of these effects from the perspective of lead used in hunting ammunition. To get a full picture I talk with Prof. Fredrik Widemo, a senior researcher at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in the Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies. Fredrik is also a hunter so he approaches this topic from a personal perspective.

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How to Get Started in Deer Hunting in Ireland

What is sustainable agriculture? Does regenerative farming mean focusing primarily on the soil biome? Is farming a leading cause of biodiversity loss? …and do we really have only 60 harvests left? To get the answers to those and other questions about farming and biodiversity, join me for a conversation with an agricultural management and policy specialist, an economist, a writer and an advisor, Stuart Meikle.

In this episode, Stuart shares with us the history of his education in farming and later his work in different farming environments across the world. Then we switch gears and talk about issues specific to Irish agriculture, which also has some relevance in the UK context. And so, we discuss the use of nitrogen fertilisers, soil health and whether the cuts to the size of the national cattle herd are inevitable. I also ask Stuart about his thoughts on the recently passed Nature Restoration Law.

After you listen to this episode, don’t forget to subscribe to my newsletter so as not to miss more farming episodes that are due in the coming weeks. Being a subscriber also gives you an excellent opportunity to send me your feedback and suggestions about past and future episodes. It’s as easy as replying to an email! Finally, newsletter subscribers are first to be informed about live events and can avail themselves of substantial discounts on exclusive content.

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Not long ago I posted a tweet: “Hunters are not good or bad, they just are. Therefore, they must be managed just like, and as a part of, the wildlife they hunt.” It was an attempt to condense my thoughts about our relationship with wildlife and nature. I purposefully used the word “our” because I believe that we are all hunters; it's just that this instinct is dormant in most of us.

The reactions ranged from incredulity to accusations of being anti-hunting. There was also a substantial portion of those who agreed with the sentiment. Most importantly though, the tweet sparked an interesting conversation and led to some interesting points being raised. Since I don’t think that Twitter (X) is a good platform for deeper conversations, I decided to respond to some of the comments in this podcast episode.

It is also a great opportunity to verbalise a substantial amount of thoughts about hunting and nature conservation that I’ve accumulated over the years of both hunting and making this podcast. If you want to respond to my remarks, the best way to do it is in the comments under the YouTube video (for those who are watching this on YouTube). If you’d prefer not to comment in public, you can reply to my newsletter to send an email straight to my inbox. And if you’re not subscribed to the newsletter yet, the link is below.

It is another in the series of solo episodes that I’m going to publish this year. In those I present the views that I have developed after many years of making this podcast which include not only conversations with experts but also attendance at conferences and reading countless books on these subjects. You can treat those as bonus episodes. The episodes where I interview scientists, conservationists and people with a love for nature and the outdoors are still coming on a fortnightly schedule.

If you’re interested in hearing more from me, have a suggestion for future episodes or want to leave feedback, please contact me through the contact form. If you’re an event organiser and would like me to speak at your event, go and check out the following link.

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Sika (cervus nippon) is a mid-sized deer that was introduced to Ireland in the 1860s to the Powerscourt Estate. Soon after that, it started spreading across Ireland. Today, the main concentrations of sika are in Kerry, Wicklow, Tyrone and Fermanagh. More recently, it has also been found in Waterford, Galway, Limerick, and Wexford. The National Biodiversity Data Centre in Ireland lists sika as an invasive species. Despite that, it’s afforded protection under the Wildlife Act. It is prized by hunters as a game species and a source of excellent quality venison on the one hand, and hated by foresters and environmentalists for the damage to forestry and biodiversity on the other.

Sika is present on the entire European continent and, although not as widespread as in Ireland, it is also causing similar problems. This is reflected in the recent move by the European Commission to launch consultations to put sika on the Invasive Alien Species (IAS) list across the Union. This poses the obvious question: what does it mean for the Irish population of sika if the EC makes such a decision? Will or should it be allowed continuous protection with open and closed hunting seasons? Or should it be reduced to the status of vermin and be eradicated across the country? 

To discuss the potential future of sika deer in Ireland and present a whole spectrum of views about this species, and invasive species more generally, I spoke with four expert guests presenting different views on the subject. By listening to this episode you will hear from Professor Jaimie T.A. Dick who specialises in Invasion Ecology, Eoghan Daltun an award-winning author who has spent last 15 years regenerating an Irish Atlantic rainforest, Damien Hannigan a Government Appointee to the Irish Deer Management Forum and Public Relations Officer at the Irish Deer Commission, and Professor of Wildlife Restoration Ecology, Adam T. Ford.

Sika Deer in Ireland: Invasive Status and Its Impact - A Three-Episode Exclusive

Access here: https://conservationlens.com/products/sika-deer-ias

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“Why Biodiversity Matters” is fundamentally a philosophy book. However, the author and our guest, Nigel Dudley, is not a philosopher but an accomplished conservation biologist who has accumulated an incredible wealth of knowledge and experience working on conservation projects across the world. He has worked as a consultant ecologist with international organisations like WWF International, IUCN and UNESCO. He is a co-founder of Equilibrium Research and Industry Fellow in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Queensland, Australia. He is the author and editor of numerous titles, including being a co-author of Leaving Space for Nature (Routledge, 2020), Arguments for Protected Areas (Routledge, 2010) and Authenticity in Nature (Routledge, 2011).

The book is an interesting and thoughtful discussion on the subject of “rights” applied to different entities. The author analyses the overlaps, synergies and also contradictions between concepts like ecosystem rights, biodiversity rights, animal rights and, last but not least, human rights. While reading the book I was impressed by the deep analysis which at the same time was presented in simple and easy to understand language. Everything is illustrated with stories and examples taken from the author's vast experience in places like Vietnam, Bhutan, Africa, Tanzania, the UK, and South America.

I found this book to be insightful, balanced and thought-provoking. Especially since it deals head-on with widely discussed hot-button topics like human-made ecosystems, invasive species, predator control, trophy hunting and the disproportionate attention given to charismatic megafauna at the expense of wildlife that is “more important” from the ecological point of view. Whoever tried their hand at discussing these topics at any length is well aware of how nuanced and difficult such discussions can be. So, more kudos to the author for concisely and competently dealing with them in his book.

I would recommend it to anyone who wants to understand the different concepts of rights as they relate to the environment as well as the wildlife and humans inhabiting it. As always, you can purchase the book using the link below and by doing so, you will support my work as I’ll get a small commission from each sale.

Get "Why Biodiversity Matters": https://amzn.to/4bF4MLW

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