Cool Worlds

As regular watchers of the channel may remember, this summer astronomers announced the discovery of a potentially Earth-like planet orbiting our nearest star, Proxima Centauri. Sadly, research at the Cool Worlds Lab was unable to find any evidence that Proxima b transits its star, which is a blow for those hoping for near-term characterization of its atmosphere. But! Dr Jayne Birkby comes to the rescue and explains here how an alternative technique should work if we can wait a few years! Thanks to Jayne for visiting the lab and giving us all some hope for Proxima!

::More about this Video::

► Dr Jayne Birkby homepage: http://home.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~birkby/wordpress/
► Snellen et al. (2010), "The orbital motion, absolute mass, and high-altitude winds of exoplanet HD209458b": https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.4364
► Outro music by Taylor Davis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dl9kI1yQKZk

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Science of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies

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We listen, but we don't send. Why do we expect aliens to transmit if we don't? Many have voiced concerns about any programs designed to broadcast our presence - afterall, they may not be friendly. Although it may be a popular idea in science fiction, what do scientists say about this scenario? Today we explore the arguments for and against messaging, and what it might imply about the type of civilization that chooses to engage in messaging...

Written and presented by Prof David Kipping. Special thanks to Erik Wernquist for giving us permission to use a clip from his beautiful "Wanderes" short film (https://youtu.be/YH3c1QZzRK4)

→ Support our research program: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support
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THANK-YOU to our supporters D. Smith, M. Sloan, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, N. Kildal, Z. Star, E. West, T. Zajonc, C. Wolfred, L. Skov, G. Benson, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, S. Hannum, T. Donkin, K. Myers, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Black, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, K. Weber, S. Marks, L. Robinson, S. Roulier, B. Smith, G. Canterbury, J. Cassese, J. Kruger, S. Way, P. Finch, S. Applegate, L. Watson, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, E. Dessoi, J. Alexander, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, C. Hays, W. Evans, D. Bansal, J. Curtin, J. Sturm, RAND Corp., M. Donovan, N. Corwin, M. Mangione, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, G. Genova, R. Provost, B. Sigurjonsson, G. Fullwood, B. Walford, J. Boyd, N. De Haan, J. Gillmer, R. Williams, E. Garland, A. Leishman & A. Phan Le.

::Music::
Music licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via Creative Commons (CC) Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), or with permission from the artist
► Sid Acharya - Stories from the Sky (0:00)
► Brad Hill - There Is But One Good (02:00) [https://open.spotify.com/album/4pmiXcyRpPlFjWjb45pYLx0]
► Falls - Ripley (05:54)
► Outside The Sky - Come Home (09:11)
► Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Two (13:07)
► Joachim Heinrich - Y (16:18)
► Chris Zabriskie - Neptune Flux 1 (17:07)
► Brad Hill - Loneliness (18:30) [https://open.spotify.com/album/6vasPO2FKG0ddtkOiHmqBC?si=qWxcwquXSiaSXAeHFG6OMw]
► Chris Zabriskie - Neptune Flux 10 (21:46)
► Brad Hill - When It Feels Like The World Is On Your Shoulders (23:22) [https://open.spotify.com/album/6Y6yawX2LQVsr5Cizda4j9?si=aGyeEp7BSMGlMKgzrWtWvA]
► Indive - Trace Correction (25:42)

::Film/TV clips used::
► Cosmos (PBS Television)
► Cosmos: A Space Odyssey (20th Television)
► Star Trek: The Next Generation (Paramount Television)
► Contact (Warner Bros. Pictures)
► War of the Worlds (Paramount Pictures)
► Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (EuropaCorp Distribution)
► Star Trek: Discovery (Paramount+)
► Arachnophobia (Buena Vista Pictures Distribution)
► Apocalypto (Buena Vista Pictures Distribution)
► Gladiator (Dreamworks Distribution LLC)
► Star Trek (Paramount Pictures)
► A River Runs Through It (Columbia Pictures)
► Independence Day (20th Century Fox)
► Arrival (Paramount Pictures)
► Close Encounters of the Third Kind (Columbia Pictures)
► The Watcher (Netflix)
► Star Wars: The Force Awakens (Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures)
► Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner (Looney Tunes)
► Margin Call (Lionsgate)
► Avengers: Infinity War (Walt Disney Studios & Motion Pictures)
► Casino Royale (Sony Pictures Releasing)
► Star Trek: Picard (Paramount+)
► The Hangover (Warner Bros. Pictures)
► Into The Wild (Paramount Vantage)
► Dallas Buyers Club (Focus Features)
► The Bucket List (Warner Bros. Pictures)
► Johnny Cash - Hurt (American Recordings)
► Game of Thrones (HBO)
► Prometheus (20th Century Fox)
► The Expanse (Legendary Television Distribution)
► Star T

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Go to our sponsor https://betterhelp.com/coolworlds for 10% off your first month of therapy with BetterHelp and get matched with a therapist who will listen and help.

Direct Air Capture (DAC) has been getting more and more attention over the last few years. Could we avert climate change by pulling carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? Could we not just stop, but actually *reverse* the damage done? Unfortunately, most don't fully appreciate just quite how much CO2 we've emitted and the outrageous scale of the problem facing us. Today, we apply the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to question whether this is even feasible.

Written & presented by Prof. David Kipping. Edited by Jorge Casas. Fact checking by Alexandra Masegian.

→ Support our research: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support
→ Get merch: https://teespring.com/stores/cool-worlds-store
→ Check out our podcast: www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcast

THANK-YOU to D. Smith, M. Sloan, L. Sanborn, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, N. Kildal, Z. Star, E. West, T. Zajonc, C. Wolfred, L. Skov, G. Benson, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, M. Forbes, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, T. Donkin, K. Myers, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Black, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, K. Weber, S. Marks, L. Robinson, S. Roulier, B. Smith, J. Cassese, J. Kruger, S. Way, P. Finch, S. Applegate, L. Watson, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, E. Dessoi, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, C. Hays, W. Evans, D. Bansal, J. Curtin, J. Sturm, RAND Corp., M. Donovan, N. Corwin, M. Mangione, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, G. Genova, R. Provost, B. Sigurjonsson, G. Fullwood, B. Walford, J. Boyd, N. De Haan, J. Gillmer, R. Williams, E. Garland, A. Leishman, A. Phan Le, R. Lovely, M. Spoto, A. Steele, M. Varenka, K. Yarbrough, A. Cornejo, D. Compos, F. Demopoulos, G. Bylinsky, J. Werner, B. Pearson, S. Thayer, T. Edris, A. Harrison, B. Seeley, F. Blood, M. O'Brien, P. Muzyka, E. Loomans, D. Lee, J. Sargent, M. Czirr, F. Krotzer, I. Williams, J. Sattler, & J. Smallbon.

REFERENCES
► House, K. Z. et al. 2011, "Economic and energetic analysis of capturing CO2 from ambient air", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 108(51), 20428-33: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22143760/
► Lackner, K. S. 2013, "The thermodynamics of direct air capture of carbon dioxide", Energy, 50, 38: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544212006901
► Long-Innes, R. & Struchtrup, H. 2022, "Thermodynamic loss analysis of a liquid- sorbent direct air carbon capture plant", Cell Reports Physical Science, 3, 100791: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386422000583
► Ozkan, M. et al., 2022, "Current status and pillars of direct air capture technologies", iScience, 25, 103990: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004222002607
► Sanz-Perez E. S. et al., 2016, "Direct Capture of CO2 from Ambient Air", Chem. Rev., 116, 11840: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00173

MUSIC
Licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist.
► Hill - A Slowly Lifting Fog [0:00]
► Falls - Life in Binary [3:24]
► Hill - Northern Boards [8:03]
► Hill - To Quiet the Drumming Inside My Head [11:13]
► Hill - Chasing out the Chaos [15:29]
► Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Seven [19:23]
► Joachim Heinrich - Y [22:53]

CHAPTERS
0:00 Climate Change
2:44 Removal Requirements
3:38 Possible Solutions
5:03 Introducing DAC
5:43 Climate Anxiety
7:12 DAC Principles
8:14 Scalability
9:29 Thermodynamics
12:08 Progressive DAC
13:32 RCPs
15:09 Simulations
17:03 Energy Requirements
19:34 Efficiency
21:21 Conclusions
24:35 Outro and credits

#DirectAirCapture #ClimateChange #NetZero

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A faster-than-light (FTL) warp drive would arguably represent the most important invention of all time. In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre gave all of us hope as he found a solution within general relativity that would cause the necessary warping of space. But after nearly 30 years of further study, what does our current understanding of physics say about the feasibility of a warp drive?

Written & presented by Prof. David Kipping. Thanks to Bobrick Martire for clarifications and to John Michael Godier and team for audio from their interview with Alcubierre (https://youtu.be/JafY92PhgKU). Thumbnail image by Zamanday Yolculugunu (www.zamandayolculuk.com)

→ Support our research: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support
→ Get merch: https://teespring.com/stores/cool-worlds-store
→ Check out our podcast: www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcast

THANK-YOU to D. Smith, M. Sloan, L. Sanborn, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, N. Kildal, Z. Star, E. West, T. Zajonc, C. Wolfred, L. Skov, G. Benson, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, M. Forbes, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, T. Donkin, K. Myers, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Black, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, K. Weber, S. Marks, L. Robinson, S. Roulier, B. Smith, J. Cassese, J. Kruger, S. Way, P. Finch, S. Applegate, L. Watson, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, E. Dessoi, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, C. Hays, W. Evans, D. Bansal, J. Curtin, J. Sturm, RAND Corp., M. Donovan, N. Corwin, M. Mangione, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, G. Genova, R. Provost, B. Sigurjonsson, G. Fullwood, B. Walford, J. Boyd, N. De Haan, J. Gillmer, R. Williams, E. Garland, A. Leishman, A. Phan Le, R. Lovely, M. Spoto, A. Steele, M. Varenka, K. Yarbrough, A. Cornejo, D. Compos, F. Demopoulos, G. Bylinsky, J. Werner, B. Pearson, S. Thayer, T. Edris, A. Harrison, B. Seeley, F. Blood, M. O'Brien, P. Muzyka, E. Loomans, D. Lee, J. Sargent, M. Czirr, F. Krotzer, I. Williams & J. Sattler.

REFERENCES
► Alcubierre 1994, Class. Quant. Grav. 11, L73 https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0009013
► Everett 1996, Phys. Rev. D 53, 7365 https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.53.7365
► Krasnikov 1998, Phys. Rev. D 57, 4760 https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9511068
► Pfenning & Ford 1998, Phys. Rev. D 57, 3489 https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9710055
► Van Den Broeck 1999, Class. Quant. Grav. 16, 3973 https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9905084
► Bobrick & Martire 2021, Class. Quant. Grav. 38, 22 https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.06824
► Fell & Heisenberg 2021, Class. Quant. Grav. 38, 16 https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.06488
► Lentz 2021, Class. Quant. Grav. 38, 14 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6382/abe692
► Santiago et al. 2022, Phys. Rev. D 105, 064038 https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.03079
► McMonigal et al. 2012, Phys. Rev. D 85, 064024 https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.5708
► Finazzi et al. 2009, Phys. Rev. D 79, 124017 https://arxiv.org/abs/0904.0141
► Coule 1998, Class. Quant. Grav. 15, 2523 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0264-9381/15/8/026
► Van Den Broeck 1999, arXiv https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9906050
► Gast 2021, Scientific American www.scientificamerican.com/article/star-treks-warp-drive-leads-to-new-physics/
► Hawking 1992, Phys. Rev. D 46, 603 https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.46.603
► Alcubierre & Lobo 2017, Wormholes, Warp Drives and Energy Conditions, Fundam. Theor. Phys. 189, 257 https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.05610

MUSIC
Licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist.
► 0:00 Sid Acharya - Searching for Answers
► 3:18 Falls - Life in Binary
► 5:01 Hill - There is but

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Sponsored by Perplexity! This is truly a game-changer – Perplexity Computer built this insane tool in only one prompt! Check out my tool and build your own today: https://pplx.ai/cool-worlds-youtube-1

Today's video explores the most terrifying calculation I've ever done, one that comes with some deeply unsettling implications for the Universe in which we live...

Written & presented by David Kipping, edited by Jorge Casas

→ Support our research: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support
→ Get merch: https://crowdmade.com/collections/cool-worlds
→ Check out our podcast: www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcast

THANK-YOU to S. Shardool, M. Seay, M. McMillan, M. Popovski, M. Singh, M. Elliott, M. Donkin, M. Zajonc, M. Czirr, M. Williams, M. Daughaday, M. Muriuki, M. Cartmell, M. Ford, M. Devermont, M. Hedlund, M. Patterson, M. Murphy, M. Bassnett, M. Lovely, M. Schiff, M. Bylinsky, C. Fitzgerald, M. Danielson, M. Morrow, M. Corwin, M. Schreiner, M. Metts, M. Stevenson, M. Vystoropskyi, M. Brownlee, M. Shamp, M. Sattler, M. Ross-Lee, M. Bueche, M. Fitzsimmons, M. Borisoff, M. Larter, M. Cunningham, M. Williams, M. Alley, M. Adler, M. Murray, L. Deacon, M. Kruger, M. Bryant, M. Lee, P. Johnston, M. Sanford, N. Offor, M. Saint, R. Borbidge, M. Reese, M. Langley, M. Howard, M. Stewart, M. Morrison, M. Kennedy, M. Aron, M. Rockett, M. Kingston, M. Daniluk, M. Schoen, M. Lee, M. Huch, M. Chaffee, M. Simmons, M. Herman, M. Vaal, M. Canning, M. Kochkov, M. Fullwood, G. Belsak, M. Bergman, M. Armstrong, M. Bottaccini, M. Farabee, B. Gaalen, M. Haan, M. Hoffman, E. Garland, M. Everest, M. Venzor, M. Frederick, M. Peraza, W. Ruf, M. Matters, M. Smith, M. Hansen, M. Edris, M. Souter, M. Smith, M. OBrien, M. Provost & M. Nimmerjahn.

REFERENCES
► Kipping, D. (2026), "The Cosmological Hart-Tipler Conjecture": https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.04044
► Hart, M. (1975), "Explanation for the Absence of Extraterrestrials on Earth": https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975QJRAS..16..128H
► Tipler, F. (1980), "Extraterrestrial intelligent beings do not exist": https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980QJRAS..21..267T
► Olson, S. J. (2015), "Homogeneous cosmology with aggressively expanding civilizations": https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CQGra..32u5025O
► Armstrong & Sandberg (2013), "Eternity in six hours: Intergalactic spreading of intelligent life and sharpening the Fermi paradox": https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AcAau..89....1
► Forgan, D. (2019), "Predator-prey behaviour in self-replicating interstellar probes": https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019IJAsB..18..552F
► von Neumann, J. (1966) "Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata": https://cba.mit.edu/events/03.11.ASE/docs/VonNeumann.pdf
► Ellery, A. (2022), "Self-replicating probes are imminent ─ implications for SETI": https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022IJAsB..21..212E
► Borgue & Hein (2021), "Near-term self-replicating probes - A concept design": https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AcAau.187..546B

MUSIC
Licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist. You can see all of our past music here: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0Bu2UQlKDb0KaeliLZUOZn
► Amnesia OST - Ending Agrippa
► Scott Buckley - Dragon’s Lullabye
► Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Four
► Hill - It Wasn’t Mine to Begin With
► Hill - World of Wonder
► Hill - Don’t Think
► Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Two

#FermiParadox #Aliens #CoolWorlds

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The Cool Worlds Lab is trying to find the first exomoon, a moon around a planet outside the Solar System. But, exomoons have been eluding us for a few years now. So why are they so hard to find and what do we know so far? Get up to date with the latest limits and prospects for detection. You can find the latest paper on constraints on exomoons at

::More about this Video::

► Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) Project website: www.exomoon.org
► HEK Project Twitter feed https://twitter.com/hek_project
► Kipping et al. (2012), "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): I. Description of a New Observational Project": https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.0752
► Kipping et al. (2013a), "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): II. Analysis of Seven Viable Satellite-Hosting Planet Candidates": https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1853
► Kipping et al. (2013b), "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): III. The First Search for an Exomoon around a Habitable-Zone Planet": https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.1530
► Kipping et al. (2014), "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): IV. A Search for Moons around Eight M-Dwarfs" https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.1210
► Kipping et al. (2015), "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): V. A Survey of 41 Planetary Candidates for Exomoons": https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.05555

::Playlists For Channel::

Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorlds
Cool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearch
Guest Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsGuests
Q&A Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsQA
Science of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies

::Follow us::

SUBSCRIBE to the channel http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribe
Cool Worlds Lab http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.edu
Twitter https://twitter.com/david_kipping
Instagram https://www.instagram.com/cool.worlds

THANKS FOR WATCHING!!

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Use code coolworlds at https://incogni.com/coolworlds to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.

The "Great Filter" is a pivotal idea in astrobiology. It may very well explain the Fermi Paradox. Today we explore what it is, some candidates for it's cause, and the shocking consequences it implies with respect to our future detections.

Written & presented by David Kipping, edited by Jorge Casas

→ Support our research: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support
→ Get merch: https://crowdmade.com/collections/cool-worlds
→ Check out our podcast: www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcast

THANK-YOU to D. Aron, B. Bueche, S. Lee, G. Bylinsky, M. Czirr, C. Fitzgerald, S. Shardool, B. Gaalen, G. Metts, D. Hoffman, M. Simmons, C. Frederick, H. Schiff, D. Stewart, M. Sanford, R. Borbidge, S. Patterson, M. Farabee, M. Elliott, A. Kochkov, B. Cartmell, G. Fullwood, C. Seay, Z. Danielson, J. Bergman, D. Lee, P. Stevenson, S. Brownlee, B. Reese, B. Daniluk, N. Offor, T. Ford, R. Williams, I. Williams, L. Cunningham, N. Haan, K. Howard, C. Bottaccini, C. Souter, A. Nimmerjahn, W. Ruf, G. Belsak, J. Alley, M. OBrien, T. Zajonc, S. Lewis, J. Canning, R. Provost, T. Inc, J. Matters, B. Devermont, B. Kingston, A. Huch, R. Chaffee, M. Hedlund, M. Everest, M. Gillette, V. Popovski, J. Armstrong, D. Daughaday, N. Corwin, S. Murray, C. Fitzsimmons, T. Donkin, C. Kennedy, M. Adler, L. MacFarlane, B. Langley, E. Garland, S. Vystoropskyi, J. Bryant, D. Ervin, M. Morrow, B. McMillan, J. Bassnett, T. Edris, J. Kruger, C. Hansen, L. Schreiner, D. Smith, R. Muriuki, P. Borisoff, B. Ross-Lee, A. Schoen, L. Deacon, I. Venzor, P. Johnston, W. Smith, J. Murphy, R. Lovely & J. Rockett.

MUSIC
Licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist. You can see all of our past music here: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0Bu2UQlKDb0KaeliLZUOZn
0:00 It Wasnt Mine To Begin With - Hill
3:18 Dust and Light - Hill
4:59 World of Wonder - Hill
6:30 Cylinder Four - Chris Zabriskie
8:04 First and Last - Hill
10:59 Don’t Think - Hill
16:36 Cylinder Two - Chris Zabriskie
19:29 Cylinder Six - Chris Zabriskie
24:31 To Accept the Partings That Must Come - Hill

CHAPTERS
0:00 Teaser
0:18 Background
5:00 Incogni
6:31 Candidates
15:45 Tier List
19:13 Bostromian Logic
26:04 Outro and Credits

#GreatFilter #AreWeAlone #CoolWorlds

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Earth-sized planets found in the habitable-zones of low-mass stars are likely to become tidally locked to the star, with one side baked in perpetual sunlight and other trapped in an eternal night. These so-called "Eyeball Earths" turn out to be extremely common and some famous examples include Proxima b and the planets around TRAPPIST-1. Here, we explain why this tidal locking happens and what it means for the potential habitability of these alien worlds.

::More about this Video::

► "Discovery of a Planet around our Nearest Star: Proxima b" Cool Worlds video by Dr Guillem Anglada: https://youtu.be/59ClESB1AqA
► "Proxima b: Transits, Habitability & How to Get There!" Cool Worlds video by Prof Kipping: https://youtu.be/tcc635lNRwY
► Gillon et al. (2017), "Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1": http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v542/n7642/full/nature21360.html
► Video of zonal winds on a tidally locked planet taken from Merlis & Schneider (2010), "Atmospheric dynamics of Earth-like tidally locked aquaplanets": https://arxiv.org/abs/1001.5117
► Leconte et al. (2015), "Asynchronous rotation of Earth-mass planets in the habitable zone of lower-mass stars": http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6222/632
► Cool Worlds Lab website: http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.edu
► Columbia University Department of Astronomy: http://www.astro.columbia.edu
► Outro music by Daft Punk "Harder, Better, Stronger, Faster": http://www.daftpunk.com and http://smarturl.it/DaftPunkiTunes

::Playlists For Channel::

Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorlds
Cool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearch
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Venus resembles our Earth in so many ways, yet in many others it's frightningly different. Was Venus always this way? Could it have once been habitable? And if so, what went wrong? Why did Venus transform to the hellscape we see today? Let's explore the world next door...

Written & presented by Prof. David Kipping. Edited by Jorge Casas. Special thanks to Prof Stephen Kane for fact checking our script.

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THANK-YOU to D. Smith, M. Sloan, L. Sanborn, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, N. Kildal, Z. Star, E. West, T. Zajonc, C. Wolfred, L. Skov, G. Benson, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, M. Forbes, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, T. Donkin, K. Myers, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Black, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, K. Weber, S. Marks, L. Robinson, S. Roulier, B. Smith, J. Cassese, J. Kruger, S. Way, P. Finch, S. Applegate, L. Watson, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, E. Dessoi, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, C. Hays, W. Evans, D. Bansal, J. Curtin, J. Sturm, RAND Corp., M. Donovan, N. Corwin, M. Mangione, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, G. Genova, R. Provost, B. Sigurjonsson, G. Fullwood, B. Walford, J. Boyd, N. De Haan, J. Gillmer, R. Williams, E. Garland, A. Leishman, A. Phan Le, R. Lovely, M. Spoto, A. Steele, M. Varenka, K. Yarbrough, A. Cornejo, D. Compos, F. Demopoulos, G. Bylinsky, J. Werner, B. Pearson, S. Thayer, T. Edris, A. Harrison, B. Seeley, F. Blood, M. O'Brien, P. Muzyka, E. Loomans, D. Lee, J. Sargent, M. Czirr, F. Krotzer, I. Williams, J. Sattler, J. Smallbon, B. Reese, J. Yoder, O. Shabtay & X. Yao.

REFERENCES
► Weller, M. et al. 2023, "Venus’s atmospheric nitrogen explained by ancient plate tectonics", Nature Astronomy: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-023-02102-w
► Truong, N. & Lunine, J. 2021, "Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine", PNAS, 118, e2021689118: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021689118
► Greaves, J. et al. 2021, "Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus", Nature Astronomy, 5, 655: https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.06593
► Way, M. et al. 2016, "Was Venus the First Habitable World of our Solar System?", Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 8376: https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.00706

MUSIC
Licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist.
0:00 Hill - The Great Alchemist
3:58 Hill - Unhurried
5:31 Hill - World of Wonder
7:27 Chris Zabriskie - Music from Neptune Flux 04
8:40 Hill - A Slowly Lifting Fog
11:07 Falls - Life in Binary
15:38 Hill - Chasing out the Chaos
19:29 Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Seven
23:28 Joachim Heinrich - Y

CHAPTERS
0:00 Not With 10,000 Men...
2:20 The Mysterious World
3:45 Communist Venus
5:34 Incogni
6:59 Venusian Volcanism
8:31 Resurfacing
10:15 92 Bars
12:24 The Outgassing Conundrum
13:41 Lost Oceans
15:30 Was Venus Habitable?
18:09 Venusian Life
21:54 Future Exploration
23:08 Endgame
24:45 Outro & Credits

#Venus #CoolWorlds

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The Cool Worlds Lab just announced the discovery of the first transiting Jupiter-analog outside the Solar System, named "Kepler-167e". The transit method has been incredibly successful at finding exoplanets, with thousands now known thanks to NASA's Kepler Mission. But, planets on wide orbits, like Jupiter, are very tricky to find with this technique. Prof Kipping explains how his team overcame these obstacles to make this important discovery, opening the door to learning about alien Jupiters in much more detail.

::More about this Video::

► Kipping et al. (2016), "A Transiting Jupiter Analog": https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.00042
► Outro music by Taylor Davis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dl9kI1yQKZk

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