CrashCourse

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, we get to meet the brain. Hank talks us through the Central Nervous System, the ancestral structures of the brain, the limbic system, and new structures of the brain. Plus, what does Phineas Gage have to do with all of this?

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Phrenology 00:00
Localized Parts of the Brain Control Different Functions 1:01
Basics of the Central Nervous System 2:15
The Curious Case of Phineas Gage 2:50
Brain Structures 5:15
Ancestral Structures of the Brain 5:37
"Old Brain" - Brain Stem, Medulla, Pons, Thalamus, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum 6:17
Limbic System - Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Pituitary Gland 7:31
Gray Matter & Brain Hemispheres 8:32
Cerebral Cortex 9:31
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal Lobes 10:06
Specialized Regions: Motor Cortex, Somatosensory Cortex, & Association Areas 10:32
Review & Credits 11:39
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You couldn’t go a day without interacting with gymnosperms and angiosperms, the two most prominent groups of plants on the planet. We rely on them for food, clothing, and shelter — but why are they so common? In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll find out how their seeds and flowers propelled them to evolutionary success.

Chapters:
How Plants Move 00:00
How Seeds Evolved 1:23
Types of Gymnosperms 5:17
Angiosperms 6:25
Dr. Else Marie Friis 8:00
Flower Structure 10:00
Why Angiosperms Thrived 10:39
Review & Credits 12:59

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks.
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Today we’re rounding out our planetary tour with ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Both have small rocky cores, thick mantles of ammonia, water, and methane, and atmospheres that make them look greenish and blue. Uranus has a truly weird rotation and relatively dull weather, while Neptune has clouds and storms whipped by tremendous winds. Both have rings and moons, with Neptune’s Triton probably being a captured iceball that has active geology.

This episode was brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster

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Chapters:
Introduction: Uranus 00:00
Uranus's Structure 1:35
Uranus's Atmosphere 2:53
Uranus's Weird Tilt 3:55
Uranus's Moons 5:12
Uranus's Rings 6:00
Neptune's Structure 6:35
Neptune's Atmosphere 7:02
Neptune's Magnetic Field & Rings 8:10
Triton: Neptune's Largest Moon 8:36
The Discovery of Neptune 9:52
Review 11:27
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Uranus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2#/media/File:Uranus2.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/Voyager mission]
Neptune https://www.nasa.gov/content/25-years-ago-voyager-2-captures-images-of-neptune/ [credit: NASA]
King George III http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom#/media/File:Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Uranus from Earth picture by Phil Plait
Uranus, Earth size comparison http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg [credit: NASA]
Uranus core, reconstructed from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus-intern-en.png [credit: Wikimedia Commons]
Uranus http://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/images/screen/opo0647b.jpg [credit: NASA, ESA, L. Sromovsky and P. Fry (University of Wisconsin), H. Hammel (Space Science Institute), and K. Rages (SETI Institute)]
Uranus storms http://www.keckobservatory.org/images/made/images/blog/Uranus_Aug20142_800_407.jpg [credit: Imke de Pater (UC–Berkeley)/Keck Observatory]
Uranus and rings (tilt demonstration) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus#/media/File:Uranusandrings.jpg [credit: Hubble Space Telescope - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center]
Uranus with rings and moons http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0237a/ [credit: ESO]
Miranda http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#/media/File:Miranda.jpg [credit: NASA]
Verona Rupes http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110404.html [credit: NASA]
Neptune’s Interior https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=283 [credit: Lunar and Planetary Institute]
Neptune clouds http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg [credit: NASA]
Neptune’s Great Dark Spot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune#/media/File:Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab]
Neptune’s Rings http://www.rolfolsenastrophotography.com/Astrophotography/Solar-System/i-vjMHSxz/A [credit: Rolf Wahl Olsen / NASA/JPL (Voyager 2, NASA Planetary Data System)]
Triton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(moon)#/media/File:Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_(large).jpg [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab / U.S. Geological Survey]
Triton flipped http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA01538_Triton_flipped_v.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL]
Triton Nitrogen Geysers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(moon)#/media/File:Voyager_2_Triton_14bg_r90ccw_colorized.jpg[credit: NASA]

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In which John Green mispronounces words, asks if jokes are appropriate, and struggles to use the teleprompter.


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Climate change shakes up all of Earth’s systems, including the living ones. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll see how climate change’s effects rattle the entire chain of life. Changes felt in one population ripple out to affect entire communities and ecosystems—whether they’re composed of pine trees, puffins, or people.

Chapters:
A Changing Climate 00:00
Ecosystem Effects 2:21
Ecosystem Responses 4:38
Increased Carbon Dioxide 7:04
Effects on Society 8:46
Review & Credits 10:53

Special thanks to Linus Obenhaus for additional video editing support on this episode!

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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Today Phil explains how telescopes work and offers up some astronomical shopping advice.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster

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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
How do Telescopes Work? 0:47
Refraction 2:50
Magnification 3:48
Resolution 4:28
Reflectors 5:19
What Kind of Telescope Should You Buy? 6:19
Technology and the Light Spectrum 7:45
Review 11:14

--
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#mediaviewer/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye#mediaviewer/File:Human_eye_with_blood_vessels.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope#mediaviewer/File:Refractor_Cincinnati_observatory.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Positive_lens_2.svg
http://www.eso.org/public/images/yb_vlt_moon_cnn_cc/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter#mediaviewer/File:Jupiter_MAD.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera#mediaviewer/File:Hubble_Images_of_M100_Before_and_After_Mirror_Repair_-_GPN-2002-000064.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_focus_telescope.svg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inspection_of_the_primary_mirror_of_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope8218871.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ui6ernRFxOg#t=2m22s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel#mediaviewer/File:William_Herschel01.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_National_Park,_23_Annual_Star_Party_2013_-_0082_-_Flickr_-_Grand_Canyon_NPS.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File_talk:EM_spectrum.svg#mediaviewer/File:EM_spectrumrevised.png
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqX9vLj3_7w#t=4m52s
http://pprc.qmul.ac.uk/~still/wordpress/?page_id=138
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VERITAS#mediaviewer/File:MMT_FLWO_Amado_AZ_10359.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography#mediaviewer/File:Henry_Drape_Orion_nebula_1880_inverted.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography#mediaviewer/File:Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA18593-Mars-CometSidingSpring-NEOWISE-20140728.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chromatic_aberration_3.svg/2000px-Chromatic_aberration_3.svg.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/The_Whirlpool_Galaxy_%28M51%29.jpg
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/12/image/a/

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Community ecology is the study of interactions between different species of living things, and lets ecologists examine the effects of predator-prey relationships, parasites, and mutually beneficial interactions. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll examine the myriad interspecies interactions with examples, see how keystone species impact their environment and explore how communities rebuild when they are disrupted, through the lens of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

Chapters:
Community Ecology 0:00
Community Disturbances 2:29
Interspecies Interactions 3:55
Competition 7:35
Community Regulation 10:30
Review & Credits 13:06

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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Cliffs and canyons, beaches and dunes, floodplains and river valleys, plateaus and mountains — these are all products of a restless Earth. In today’s episode we’re going to take a closer look at how landforms greatly influence how people live and derive meaning and a sense of place. From the hills and ponds we see everyday to impressive landscapes like Uluru in Australia or the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia they all have stories to tell.

SOURCES
Petersen, et al 2011. Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Cengage
Christopherson, R.W. 2010: Elemental Geosystems. Prentice Hall
Strahler, A. 2011. Introducing Physical Geography. 5th Edition.Wiley and Sons.
Knox and Marston. 2016. Human Geography Place and Regions in a Global Context. 7th Edition. Pearson
Huggett, R.J. 2007. Fundamentals of Geomorphology. 2nd Edition. Routledge
Luhr, J.F. 2003. Earth. Dorling Kindersley.
Zurick D and Karan P.P. 1999. Himalaya Life on the Edge of the World. John Hopkins Press.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-hannibal-crossed-the-alps-180963671/
https://assets.answersingenesis.org/doc/articles/pdf-versions/arj/v3/geomorphology-uluru.pdf
https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/himalaya.html
https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/education/upload/geoarticle-2.pdf

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Michael M. Varughese, Ben Follows, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Chris Routh, Evan Lawrence Henderson, Vincent, Emilee Murphy, Michael Wang, Jordan willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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#CrashCourse #Geography #Landforms

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BAHHHHHH! Did I scare you? What exactly happens when we get scared? How does our brain make our body react? Just what are Neurotransmitters? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank takes us to the simplest part of the complex system of our brains and nervous systems: the neuron.
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Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--

Chapters:
Introduction: Brain Chemicals 00:00
Neurons 1:31
Parts of a Neuron 2:07
Synapses 3:08
Neurotransmitters 3:58
Excitatory Neurotransmitters 4:48
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters 5:10
More Neurotransmitters 5:30
Hormones 6:08
Nervous vs. Endocrine Systems 6:44
Endocrine System Glands 7:19
The Pituitary Gland 7:58
How the Nervous & Endocrine Systems Work Together 8:33
Credits 9:33

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In which John Green teaches you about the United States as it was in the 1990s. You'll remember from last week that the old-school Republican George H.W. Bush had lost the 1992 presidential election to a young upstart Democrat from Arkansas named Bill Clinton. Clinton was a bit of a dark horse candidate, having survived a sex scandal during the election, but a third-party run by Ross Perot split the vote, and Clinton was inaugurated in 1993. John will teach you about Clinton's foreign policy agenda, which included NATO action in the Balkans and the Oslo Accords between Israel and the PLO. He'll also cover some of the domestic successes and failures of the Clinton years, including the failed attempt at healthcare reform, the pretty terrible record on GLBTQ issues, Welfare reform, which got mixed reviews, and the happier issues like the huge improvements in the economy. Also computers. Cheap, effective, readily available computers came along in the 1990s, and they kind of changed the world, culminating in this video, which is the end of the internet. Until next week.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. One of the largest criticisms against President Clinton's presidency was his inaction during the genocide in Rwanda which he comments on in his Remarks on the Rwandan Genocide: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/president-clinton-s-remarks-in-kigali-on-the-rwandan-genocide
First Lady Hillary Clinton had some foreign affairs success of her own when she delivered her 1995 speech to the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women stating that women's rights are human rights: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/first-lady-hillary-clinton-s-address-to-the-united-nations-fourth-world-conference-on-women

Chapters:
Introduction: The Clinton Years 00:00
Clinton's Foreign Policy 0:40
Terrorism During the Clinton Era 1:51
Clinton's Domestic Policy 2:12
Clinton's Triangulation Strategy 3:20
Clinton's Welfare Reforms 4:42
Economics During the Clinton Era 5:14
The E-Commerce Boom 6:27
Mystery Document 6:42
Globalization of Manufacturing, Technology, and Commerce 8:06
The Crash of 2000 8:58
Increasing Wealth Inequality 9:37
The Culture Wars 10:13
An Influx of Immigration 10:22
Diverse Family Structures 11:25
The AIDS Epidemic & LGBT Rights Movement 11:50
Imprisonment & the "War on Drugs" 12:08
Multiculturalism & Political Tensions 12:34
Clinton's Infidelity & Impeachment 13:09
Clinton's Legacy 14:19
Credits 15:00

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