CrashCourse

BAHHHHHH! Did I scare you? What exactly happens when we get scared? How does our brain make our body react? Just what are Neurotransmitters? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank takes us to the simplest part of the complex system of our brains and nervous systems: the neuron.
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Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Brain Chemicals 00:00
Neurons 1:31
Parts of a Neuron 2:07
Synapses 3:08
Neurotransmitters 3:58
Excitatory Neurotransmitters 4:48
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters 5:10
More Neurotransmitters 5:30
Hormones 6:08
Nervous vs. Endocrine Systems 6:44
Endocrine System Glands 7:19
The Pituitary Gland 7:58
How the Nervous & Endocrine Systems Work Together 8:33
Credits 9:33

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In which John Green teaches you about the United States as it was in the 1990s. You'll remember from last week that the old-school Republican George H.W. Bush had lost the 1992 presidential election to a young upstart Democrat from Arkansas named Bill Clinton. Clinton was a bit of a dark horse candidate, having survived a sex scandal during the election, but a third-party run by Ross Perot split the vote, and Clinton was inaugurated in 1993. John will teach you about Clinton's foreign policy agenda, which included NATO action in the Balkans and the Oslo Accords between Israel and the PLO. He'll also cover some of the domestic successes and failures of the Clinton years, including the failed attempt at healthcare reform, the pretty terrible record on GLBTQ issues, Welfare reform, which got mixed reviews, and the happier issues like the huge improvements in the economy. Also computers. Cheap, effective, readily available computers came along in the 1990s, and they kind of changed the world, culminating in this video, which is the end of the internet. Until next week.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. One of the largest criticisms against President Clinton's presidency was his inaction during the genocide in Rwanda which he comments on in his Remarks on the Rwandan Genocide: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/president-clinton-s-remarks-in-kigali-on-the-rwandan-genocide
First Lady Hillary Clinton had some foreign affairs success of her own when she delivered her 1995 speech to the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women stating that women's rights are human rights: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/first-lady-hillary-clinton-s-address-to-the-united-nations-fourth-world-conference-on-women

Chapters:
Introduction: The Clinton Years 00:00
Clinton's Foreign Policy 0:40
Terrorism During the Clinton Era 1:51
Clinton's Domestic Policy 2:12
Clinton's Triangulation Strategy 3:20
Clinton's Welfare Reforms 4:42
Economics During the Clinton Era 5:14
The E-Commerce Boom 6:27
Mystery Document 6:42
Globalization of Manufacturing, Technology, and Commerce 8:06
The Crash of 2000 8:58
Increasing Wealth Inequality 9:37
The Culture Wars 10:13
An Influx of Immigration 10:22
Diverse Family Structures 11:25
The AIDS Epidemic & LGBT Rights Movement 11:50
Imprisonment & the "War on Drugs" 12:08
Multiculturalism & Political Tensions 12:34
Clinton's Infidelity & Impeachment 13:09
Clinton's Legacy 14:19
Credits 15:00

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All of the different plants on Earth have come about thanks to the simple rules of genetic inheritance, which determine how traits are passed on from one generation to the next. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore the remarkable story of Gregor Mendel, a botanist and mathematician who laid the groundwork for modern genetics with little more than some peas and a paintbrush.

Chapters:
Peas & a Paintbrush 00:00
Gregor Mendel 1:05
Mendel's Experiments 2:57
Phenotype & Genotype 4:40
Mendel's Principles of Inheritance 5:38
Effects of Mendel's Research 9:14
Review & Credits 12:14

Check out PBS Food here: https://www.youtube.com/@PBSFood

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks.
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In which Stan Muller teaches you about our third branch of Intellectual Property, trademarks. A lot of people confuse trademark and copyright. Trademarks apply to things like company and product names and logos, packaging designs, and commercial designs. Basically, copyright protects ideas, but trademarks protect the things that help consumers tell companies apart. This ensures that consumers know the source of the goods they're buying. Without trademarks, it would be really difficult to buy the same product twice, and very easy for unscrupulous companies to pass off fakes and knock-offs of the products you want. I'm telling you, you like trademarks.

Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever: Pablo Soares, Brad Mohr, Stephen DeCubellis, Ian Gallagher, Vanessa Benavent, Lázaro Clapp, James Hood, Damian Shaw, James, H.G. Redekop, Carl Ayres


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So how do we apply the scientific method to psychological research? Lots of ways, but today Hank talks about case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys and interviews, and experimentation. Also, he covers different kinds of bias in experimentation and how research practices help us avoid them.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Intuition & Hindsight Bias 00:00
The Scientific Method 2:05
Case Studies 3:05
Naturalistic Observation 3:48
Surveys and Interviews 4:15
Drawing Conclusions 5:26
Experimentation 6:35
Experiment Time! 7:48
Review 9:54
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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From the driest deserts to the lushest forests, ecosystems are networks of life where organisms and the environment interact. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore how plants function as the foundations of these systems, without which no other life on Earth would be possible.

Chapters:
The Foundations of Ecosystems 00:00
Autotrophs 1:43
Heterotrophs 3:15
Food Webs 4:56
Protecting Wild Tomatoes 8:08
Keystone Species 10:01
Review & Credits 11:55

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

Check out PBS Terra's Untold Earth here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVeBSKK88Ig&

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pinapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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When the Bald Eagle population started to decline in the mid-20th century, scientists began to ask why. Population ecology, the study of organisms of the same species, played a big role in answering that question. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll take a look at the methods population ecologists use to study a population and the types of data they collect. We’ll also find out how scientists helped bring the Bald Eagle back from the brink.

Chapters:
Introduction to Population Ecology 00:00
Density 2:51
Dispersion 6:02
Demographics 7:13
Population Growth 8:22
Review & Credits 11:26

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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One of the ways that the US Constitution baked the institution of slavery into the very core of the new United States was through the fugitive slave clause. The clause required that people who escaped slavery be returned to their enslavers. In parts of the US that didn't want slavery, the clause sometimes went unenforced. Today we'll learn about how Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 to enforce that clause, how enslavers throughout the country used that rule, and the long-term effects of this law.

SOURCES:
Somerset v. Stewart, 98 E.R. 499 (K.B. 1772)
Karen Arnold-Burger, Fugitive Justice: Slavery and the Law in Pre-Civil War America, 46 Ct. Rev. 116 (2009).
Louise Weinberg, Methodological Interventions and the Slavery Cases; or, Night-Thoughts of a Legal Realist Symposium: The Silver Anniversary of the Second Conflicts Restatement, 56 Md. L. Rev. 1316–1370 (1997).
H. Robert Baker, The Fugitive Slave Clause and the Antebellum Constitution, 30 Law & Hist. Rev. 1133–1174 (2012).
Allen Johnson, Constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Acts, 31 Yale L.J. 161 (1921).
John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans (New York: Knopf, 1967).
Erica Armstrong Dunbar, Never Caught: The Washingtons’ Relentless Pursuit of Their Runaway Slave, Ona Judge (New York: Atria Books, 2017)
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/habeas_corpus


Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Michael M. Varughese, Ben Follows, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Chris Routh, Evan Lawrence Henderson, Vincent, Emilee Murphy, Michael Wang, Jordan willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

SOURCES

-Somerset v. Stewart, 98 E.R. 499 (K.B. 1772)
-Karen Arnold-Burger, Fugitive Justice: Slavery and the Law in Pre-Civil War America, 46 Ct. Rev. 116 (2009).
-Louise Weinberg, Methodological Interventions and the Slavery Cases; or, Night-Thoughts of a Legal Realist Symposium: The Silver Anniversary of the Second Conflicts Restatement, 56 Md. L. Rev. 1316–1370 (1997).
-H. Robert Baker, The Fugitive Slave Clause and the Antebellum Constitution, 30 Law & Hist. Rev. 1133–1174 (2012).
-Allen Johnson, Constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Acts, 31 Yale L.J. 161 (1921).
-John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans (New York: Knopf, 1967).
-Erica Armstrong Dunbar, Never Caught: The Washingtons’ Relentless Pursuit of Their Runaway

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Today, Hank answers the question, "Why do we use lotion?" We'll take a look at your integumentary system and all the hard work it does to protect you from and help you interact with the world around you.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Chapters:
Introduction: Why Do We Use Lotion? 00:00
Protective & Sensory Functions of the Integumentary System 1:23
More Functions: removing waste, storing blood, and regulating body temperature 2:16
Skin Discoloration: Cyanosis, Jaundice, and Erythema 3:46
Melanin, Vitamin D, and Skin Tone 4:39
How Does Hair Conditioner Work? 5:40
How Do Hair, Skin, and Nails Grow? 6:17
Types of Sweat Glands: Eccrine, Apocrine, Mammary, and Ceruminous 6:55
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands 8:17
Review 9:05
Credits 9:33

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In which John Green teaches you about recent history. By which we mean VERY recent history. John covers the end of George W. Bush's administration presidency of Barack Obama (so far). Some people would say, "It's too soon to try to interpret the historical importance of such recent events!" To those people, we answer, "You're right." Nonetheless, it's worthwhile to take a look at the America we live in right now as a way of looking back at how far we've come. Anyway, John will teach you about Obama's election, some of his policies like the Affordable Care Act, the 2009 stimulus, and the continuation of the war on terror. If you still can't reconcile a history course teaching such recent stuff, just think of this one as a current events episode.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. President Barack Obama leaned into discussions on race in his 2013 remarks on the Trayvon Martin ruling: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/president-obama-s-remarks-on-trayvon-martin-ruling
President Obama responded to economic inequality and partisanship in his 2015 State of the Union Address: https://www.commonlit.org/en/texts/president-obama-s-2015-state-of-the-union-address

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The 2008 Financial Crash 0:42
The Housing Bubble 1:37
The Stock Market Crash 3:30
Rising Unemployment 3:50
Big Bank Bailouts 4:21
The End of the Bush Years 5:09
Barack Obama 5:28
Mystery Document 6:22
Obama's Campaign Promises 7:38
Economic Recovery 9:36
The Affordable Care Act/"Obamacare" 10:38
Backlash Against Obama & The Tea Party 11:47
Obama's Second Term 12:50
Ideological Questions 13:27
Credits 14:51

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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