CrashCourse

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When it comes to animal reproduction, there’s no one-size-fits-all strategy. Some animals need a mate, others don’t, and for some, it depends! In this episode, we’ll learn about sexual and asexual reproduction, internal and external fertilization, and all the ways that life, uh… finds a way.

Introduction: Reproduction 00:00
Asexual reproduction 01:33
Sexual Reproduction 04:48
Fertilization 05:58
Sexes 08:01
Review & Credits 11:11

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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Life is chaos and the universe tends toward disorder. But why? If you think about it, there are only a few ways for things to be arranged in an organized manner, but there are nearly infinite other ways for those same things to be arranged. Simple rules of probability dictate that it's much more likely for stuff to be in one of the many disorganized states than in one of the few organized states. This tendency is so unavoidable that it's known as the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Obviously, disorder is a pretty big deal in the universe and that makes it a pretty big deal in chemistry - it's such a big deal that scientists have a special name for it: entropy. In chemistry, entropy is the measure of molecular randomness or disorder. For the next thirteen minutes, Hank hopes you will embrace the chaos as he teaches you about entropy.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

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Table of Contents
Second Law of Thermodynamics 0:45
Entropy 2:01
DEMONSTRATION! 4:28
BA(OH)2•8H2O+NH4Ci 10:25
J.W. Gibbs & Gibbs Free Energy 7:23

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Throughout this series, and in our real lives, we've seen the chaos and devastation that outbreaks can cause. But there's good news! Eventually, outbreaks come to an end. In this episode, we'll look at some of the important tools of outbreak response, particularly vaccines, and also discuss the important work that happens in the aftermath of an outbreak.

This episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science was produced by Complexly in partnership with Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard—with generous support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

Episode Sources:
https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/outbreaks/investigating-outbreaks/investigations/decision.html#:~:text=An%20outbreak%20is%20over%20when,the%20investigation%20continues%20or%20restarts.
https://ourworldindata.org/hiv-aids
https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/types-of-vaccine
https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/life-after-sepsis/index.html
https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/what-is-sepsis.html
https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.039180-0?crawler=true
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_11
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5662448/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166819/
https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/immunization
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2776562)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5662448/
https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars#:~:text=Impact%20of%20SARS%20Epidemic&text=A%20small%20percentage%20of%20patients,However%2C%20most%20patients%20fully%20recovered.

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Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Today we're going to talk about how and why floods happen both in spite of, and because of, us. Specifically, we'll take a closer look at the island of Java, and its largest city, Jakarta, and explain the factors that lead to serious flooding almost annually. We'll also show you how mangroves can help protect us from flooding, and how wetlands along floodplains act like the kidneys of the Earth filtering out impurities and pollutants.

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Evan Lawrence Henderson, Vincent, Michael Wang, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, JJurong, Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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#CrashCourse #Geography #Floods

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In this episode of Crash Course Astronomy, Phil takes you through the cause and name of the Moon's phases.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster

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Chapters:
Why does the Moon Have Phases? 00:00
New Moon 2:26
Waxing Crescent 4:17
First Quarter 4:35
Waxing Gibbous 5:15
Full Moon 5:32
Waning Gibbous, Third Quarter, and Waning Crescent 6:26
Earthshine 7:20
Review 8:58

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PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

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PHOTOS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#mediaviewer/File:FullMoon2010.jpg
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=1879
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0505.jpg
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0553.jpg
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0634.jpg
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0706.jpg
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0809.jpg
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0905.jpg
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.1011.jpg
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.1145.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#mediaviewer/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg
http://global.jaxa.jp/press/2008/04/img/20080411_kaguya_01l.jpg
http://global.jaxa.jp/press/2008/04/20080411_kaguya_e.html
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/First_view_of_Earth_as_Rosetta_approaches_home
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sachin_Nigam_-_starry_moon_%28by-sa%29.jpg
https://www.flickr.com/photos/badastronomy/14397419837/

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