CrashCourse

Today, we’re going to take a closer look at borders and the stories they tell. When we look at a map, the shapes we’re seeing can seem so permanent, but a map is just a snapshot of the Earth at a particular time, and by looking a countries shape (and how it has changed across time) we can learn so much about how power moves and the ebb and flow of conflict. We’ll talk about the different types of borders, and power dynamics at play in Armenia and Azerbaijan and even look to the oceans as we explore conflict in the South China Sea.

SOURCES

General

CIA Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/docs/one_page_summaries.html
Getis, Bjelland, and Getis. Introduction to Geography, 15 ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2017. ISBN: 978-1-259-57000-1
Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, eds. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Willey-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-4051-3288-6
For a free and open source option for Intro to Human Geography, see:
https://humangeography.pressbooks.com/
For a free and open source option for World Regional Geography, see:
https://worldgeography.pressbooks.com/front-matter/introduction/
Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam: 2020 edition. The Princeton Review.
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/disputes-international

South China Sea

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/15/world/asia/south-china-sea-dispute-arbitration-explained.html
https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/territorial-disputes-south-china-sea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea

Armenian/Azerbaijan Conflicts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YU2v38hRRbg
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/
https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/how-azerbaijan-won-karabakh-war
https://www.mei.edu/publications/diplomacy-attrition-how-will-russia-turkey-stand-nagorno-karabakh-play-out
https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200721-nakhchivan-the-worlds-most-sustainable-nation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic#Nakhchivan_in_the_post-Soviet_era
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YU2v38hRRbg

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Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology continues the journey through sensory systems with a look at how your sense of hearing works. We follow sounds as they work their way into the ear where they are registered and transformed into action potentials. This mechanism not only helps you hear but also helps maintain your equilibrium.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
How Sound Works 1:17
External Ear Structure & Function 2:18
Middle Ear Structure & Function 3:06
Inner Ear Labyrinth 4:12
Cochlea: Basilar Membrane 5:00
Cochlea: Organ of Corti 6:33
Equilibrium: Vestibular Apparatus 7:34
What Causes Motion Sickness? 9:04
Review 9:39
Credits 10:13

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Disclaimer: This is very different than the usual Crash Course US History episode.

In which John Green lists a whole lot of the battles of the US Civil War in seven and a half minutes. We get a lot of requests for military history, so we offer a list of battle names, with some commentary about outcomes, and lots of really interesting pictures. This is a bit of a departure for Crash Course as we leave behind the world of thoughtful analysis and just list some facts. Don't worry though. We've already got our brains turned back on for the next episode.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Battle of Gettysburg remains one of the most infamous battles of the Civil War: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-battle-of-gettysburg
The Civil War pitted brother against brother and friend against friend, as was the case for the two warring generals in the Siege of Vicksburg: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-siege-of-vicksburg-a-tale-of-two-generals

Learn more about Black Americans in the Civil War in episode #18 of Crash Course Black American History: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NgdnsjPFNE

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Battles of 1861 0:43
Battles of 1862 1:14
Battles of 1863 3:38
Battles of 1864 5:04
Battles of 1865 6:05
Union Victory! 6:34
Credits 6:52


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In which John Green teaches you about Reconstruction. After the divisive, destructive Civil War, Abraham Lincoln had a plan to reconcile the country and make it whole again. Then he was shot, Andrew Johnson took over, and the disagreements between Johnson and Congress ensured that Reconstruction would fail. The election of 1876 made the whole thing even more of a mess, and the country called it off, leaving the nation still very divided. John will talk about the gains made by African-Americans in the years after the Civil War, and how they lost those gains almost immediately when Reconstruction stopped. You'll learn about the Freedman's Bureau, the 14th and 15th amendments, and the disastrous election of 1876. John will explore the goals of Reconstruction, the successes and ultimate failures, and why his alma mater Kenyon College is better than Raoul's alma mater NYU.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode.
The period of Reconstruction that followed the Civil War was imperfect and failed to create lasting change after 1876: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/reconstruction
Following the end of the Civil War, many African Americans found themselves turning from slavery to sharecropping, an unfair system that would last until World War II and the Civil Rights Movement: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/from-slaves-to-sharecroppers

Learn more about Reconstruction in episode #19 of Crash Course Black American History: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGPAnLDzQYY

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Johnson & the Reconstruction Era 0:33
The Freedman's Bureau 1:32
Sharecropping 2:14
The Civil Rights Act 3:04
The 14th Amendment 3:55
Mystery Document 4:20
The Reconstruction Act 5:18
The Election of 1868 & the 15th Amendment 5:38
African Americans in Office 6:32
Republican Governments in the South 7:52
Why did Reconstruction End? 8:23
White Violence Against Former Slaves 8:46
Northern Support Retreats 9:33
The Election of 1876 9:52
President Hayes and the Bargain of 1877 10:55
The Legacy of Reconstruction 12:03
Credits 12:29

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Today Hank wraps up our look at connective tissues with a discussion of their various types. Also chicken.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction: We're All Just Meat 00:00
Loose vs. Dense Connective Tissue Proper 2:10
Types of Loose Tissue Proper: Areolar, Adipose, and Reticular 2:56
Types of Dense Tissue Proper: Regular, Irregular, and Elastic 4:04
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibro 5:24
Types of Osseous (Bone) Tissue: Spongy and Compact 6:33
Blood is a Connective Tissue 7:14
Review 8:51
Credits 9:47

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Art is often understood as a solitary act of personal expression. But art is also the basis for community from Alaska to Mali — and from gay rights advocates to Frida Kahlo appreciators. In this episode we’ll learn how community is created through art.

Note: While Yayoi Kusama is an incredibly influential artist, she has a complicated legacy. Writer and PhD candidate Dexter Thomas has called attention to anti-Black racism in her published writing, including her 2002 autobiography “Infinity Net.” We encourage you to view Crash Course Art History Episode 5 to hear our discussion about artists with problematic histories and join the conversation.

Introduction: Obliteration Room 00:00
The Great Mosque of Djenné 01:20
The Gelede 03:48
The Chief Johnson Pole 04:58
The Origins of Pride Flags 06:30
The Umbrella Art of Hong Kong 08:18
Review & Credits 09:45

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Energy is like the bestest best friend ever and yet, most of the time we take it for granted. Hank feels bad for our friend and wants us to learn more about it so that we can understand what it's trying to tell us - like that any bond between two atoms contains energy. How much energy? That's not the simplest question to answer, but today Hank will answer it (kinda), by teaching us about a nifty little thing called enthalpy.

If you are paying attention to this episode you'll learn what the state function is, and how it varies from a path-dependent function; why enthalpy change is different from heat; that bonds are energy and to form and break them they release and absorb heat to and from their environment. You'll get the quickest introduction to calorimetry ever (more on that in upcoming episodes) and learn the power of Hess's Law and how to use Germain Hess's concept of the standard enthalpy of formation to calculate exactly how much heat is produced by any chemical reaction.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
State Function 1:50
Path-Dependent Function 1:15
Enthalpy 2:58
Bonds are Energy 5:10
Colorimetry 5:36
Hess' Law 6:19
Standard Enthalpy of Formation 7:24

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"How do we know that dark matter is there?"

In this episode, Dr. Katie Mack and John Green unpack the full story of dark matter.

Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.This show is a production of Complexly. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Forrest Langseth, Emily Beazley, Neeloy Gomes, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Ken Davidian, Toni Miles, AmyL, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Mark & Susan Billian, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Rizwan Kassim, Vaso , ClareG, Alex Hackman, Constance Urist, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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In which John Green teaches you about the election of 1860. As you may remember from last week, things were not great at this time in US history. The tensions between the North and South were rising, ultimately due to the single issue of slavery. The North wanted to abolish slavery, and the South wanted to continue with it. It seemed like a war was inevitable, and it turns out that it was. But first, the nation had to get through this election. You'll learn how the bloodshed in Kansas and the truly awful Kansas-Nebraska Act led directly to the decrease in popularity of Stephen Douglas, the splitting of the Democratic party, and the unlikely victory of a relatively inexperienced politician from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln's election would lead directly to the secession of several southern states, and thus to the Civil War. John will teach you about all this, plus Dred Scott, Roger Taney, and John Brown.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Lincoln and Douglass debates of the 1850s fueled the argument over state's rights to decide on slavery and culminated when the two ran against one another in the Election of 1860: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-election-of-1860
In response to Lincoln's election, the South seceded from the Union and the Civil War began: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-south-secedes

Learn more about the Dred Scott Decision in Crash Course Black American History #16: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VffLWl8asY

Chapters:
Introduction: The Civil War 00:00
The Fugitive Slave Law 0:45
Railroads 2:26
The Kansas-Nebraska Act 3:04
How the Republican Party Formed 3:54
Public Opinion on Free vs. Slave States 4:22
The New Republican Party Gains Traction 5:45
How Kansas Became a State 6:31
The Dred Scott Decision 7:32
Mystery Document 9:14
John Brown & Harpers Ferry 10:25
The Election of 1860 11:13
The Start of the Civil War 12:14
Credits 13:40

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As we construct more complex organic molecules, it can start to feel like decrypting a complex code. Organic synthesis takes simple starting materials, and turns them into complex structures, and reverse engineering can help us figure out the steps in between. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’ll practice multistep synthesis problems, learn about how we can use retro synthesis to make more complex molecules, and use liquid-liquid extraction to separate solvents. As always, we’ll work through examples and connect everything back to our Mold Medicine Map!

Music:
Plucky Daisy by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4226-plucky-daisy
License: https://filmmusic.io/standard-license

Series Penicillin References:
Nicolaou, K. C., & Sorensen, E. J. (1996). Classics in total synthesis: targets, strategies, methods. John Wiley & Sons.
Sheehan, J. C. (1982). The enchanted ring: the untold story of penicillin.
Primary literature for Sheehan’s penicillin synthesis: Sheehan, J.C. & Izzo, P.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1985; Sheehan, J.C. & Izzo, P.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 4059; Sheehan, J.C. & Bose A.K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 5158; Sheehan, J.C., Buhle, E.L, Corey E.J., Laubach, G.D. & Ryan J.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 3828; Sheehan, J.C. & Laubach, G.D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 4376; Sheehan, J.C. & Hoff, D.R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 237; Sheehan, J.C. & Corey E.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 4756

Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Evan Lawrence Henderson, Vincent, Michael Wang, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, JJurong, Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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