CrashCourse

Ever fallen for fake news on social media because it felt real? Or found yourself afraid to go in the ocean after watching too many videos about sharks? In this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we explore how cognitive bias shapes the way we think about the world, and how scientific thinking can help us overcome it.

Introduction: Earth as the Center 00:00
Recognizing Patterns 0:44
Common Cognitive Biases 2:44
Overcoming Bias Through Science 6:02
How to Combat Cognitive Bias 8:53
Review & Credits 10:18

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq

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Today we’re going to take a closer look at cities, examine how these large complex structures are organized, and identify patterns and differences in land use around the world. We'll begin with a quick recap of Central Place Theory, then we'll show you how the Concentric Zone Model can approximate the development of Chicago in the United States. Then, we'll take a closer look at colonial port cities, the development of industrial zones and financial districts, and the patchwork of immigrant communities that often developed around them in cities such as Boston in the United States. And finally, we will end our episode with a look at the layout of some North African cities that are in earthquake-prone areas with hot and dry climates such as in Fez, Morocco.

SOURCES
Knox and Marston 2016: Human Geography Place and Regions in a Global Context. 7th Edition. Pearson
White et al 2008. Essentials of World Regional Geography 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill. 
Latham, A et al 2009. Key Concepts in Urban Geography. Sage Publications, Inc. 
Knox P.L and McCarthy L. 2012. Urbanization An Introduction to Urban Geography. 3rd Edition. Pearson 
Knox P and Pinch S. 2000. Urban Social Geography An Introduction. 4th Edition. Prentice Hall
Pacione, M. 2001. Urban Geography A Global Perspective. Routledge

FEZ Morocco
http://www.urbanmorphologyinstitute.org/resources/sustainable-arabic-urban-design/
https://www.britannica.com/place/Fes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco
https://www.globalurban.org/GUDMag08Vol4Iss1/Radoine.htm
 
#CrashCourse #Geography #UrbanGeography

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Hank gets down to the nitty-gritty about meiosis, the special type of cell division that is necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms.

References:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Meiosis/meiosis.htm
https://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?p=viewimage&id=33
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/meiosis.html
http://sun.menloschool.org/~dspence/biology/mit_meiosis/chapt11_15.html

Table of Contents
1) Homologous Chromosome Pairs 2:10
2) Primary Oocytes 3:30
3) Primary Spermatocytes 3:30
4) Meiosis 2:59
5) Interphase I 4:04
6) Prophase I 4:37
a) Crossover 5:05
b) Recombination 5:05
7) Metaphase I 7:53
8) Anaphase I 8:05
9) Telophase I 8:19
10) Prophase II 8:57
11) Metaphase II 9:23
12) Anaphase II 9:28
13) Telophase II 9:32

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We’re all gonna die someday. But can statistics help us know when? In this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we’ll learn how to interpret the statistics we see in our daily lives. And we’ll explore why we need stats to make informed judgments, be more precise about what we don’t know, and get closer to what we can know.

Introduction: When Will I Die? 00:00
Basic Statistics 0:44
Confidence Intervals 4:14
Relative & Absolute Risk 5:32
Correlation vs. Causation 7:22
Review & Credits 9:45

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq


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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mitch Gresko, Roger Harms, Brandon Thomas, Ken Davidian, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Johnathan Williams, Chelsea S, oranjeez, EllenBryn, Katrix , Evan Nelson, Shruti S, UwU, Leah H., Allison Wood, Thomas Sully, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Quinn Harden, Chuck Smith, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Rie Ohta, Jason Terpstra, NassauLinda, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Gina Mancuso, Elizabeth LaBelle, DexcilaDou, Barbara Pettersen, SpaceRangerWes, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Reed Spilmann, Pietro Gagliardi, Jason Rostoker, Toni Miles, Les Aker, Alex Hackman, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, team dorsey, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Triad Terrace, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, ClareG, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Ian Dundore, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Joseph Ruf, Nathan Taylor, Constance Urist, Jason Buster, Stephen Akuffo, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Perry Joyce, Ken Penttinen, Tanner Hedrick, Scott Harrison, Jennifer Killen, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Samantha, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks
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In which John Green teaches you the history of Islam, including the revelation of the Qu'ran to Muhammad, the five pillars of Islam, how the Islamic empire got its start, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and more. Learn about hadiths, Abu Bakr, and whether the Umma has anything to do with Uma Thurman (spoiler alert: it doesn't). Also, learn a little about the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims, and how to tell if this year's Ramadan is going to be difficult for your Muslim friends. Let's try to keep the flame wars out of this reasoned discussion.

Chapters:
Introduction: Islam 00:00
Origins of Islam 0:51
The Quran 2:36
The Five Pillars of Islam 3:24
An Open Letter to the 72 Virgins 4:50
Sharia Law 5:48
Muhammad, Medina, and Mecca 6:27
The First Caliph 7:41
How did Islam spread? 9:26
The Islamic Empire's Legacy 11:10
Credits 12:18

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Today Hank talks about your central nervous system. In this episode, we'll explore how your brain develops and how important location is for each of your brain's many functions.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Broca's Aphasia 00:00
Central Nervous System Structure & Function 1:48
Brain Development: Neural Tube 3:27
Brain Development: 3 Primary Vesicles 3:47
Brain Development: 5 Secondary Vesicles 4:04
Brain Development: Major Adult Brain Regions 4:18
Brain Development: Cerebellum & Brain Stem 4:42
Brain Development: Reptilian Brain 5:45
Brain Development: Cerebral Hemispheres 6:35
The Brain's Lobes 7:35
Review 9:14
Credits 9:48

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Fish and insects and dogs—oh my! In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll explore how all things fuzzy, buzzy, and ferocious can help us understand our own human nature.

Introduction: Latin American Animals 00:00
António Vieira 0:46
Alejo Carpentier 3:34
Pilar Quintana 6:27
Review & Credits 8:54

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyv-eJRRozs
https://youtu.be/dCBDUDwaeCA?si=YKQw_pwoCFj1i5dr
https://youtu.be/NjEGncridoQ?si=pG_wBy4SXv07WiBZ
https://youtu.be/RzHbL0ByeLY?si=UB4lKEPd92WiOkOYJesuits:
https://youtu.be/5A_o-nU5s2U?si=lQYJP7Z3qvsa6pne

Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34

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Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mitch Gresko, Roger Harms, Brandon Thomas, Ken Davidian, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Johnathan Williams, Chelsea S, oranjeez, EllenBryn, Katrix , Evan Nelson, Shruti S, UwU, Leah H., Allison Wood, Thomas Sully, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Quinn Harden, Chuck Smith, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Rie Ohta, Jason Terpstra, NassauLinda, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Gina Mancuso, Elizabeth LaBelle, DexcilaDou, Barbara Pettersen, SpaceRangerWes, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Reed Spilmann, Pietro Gagliardi, Jason Rostoker, Toni Miles, Les Aker, Alex Hackman, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, team dorsey, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Triad Terrace, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, ClareG, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Ian Dundore, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Joseph Ruf, Nathan Taylor, Constance Urist, Jason Buster, Stephen Akuffo, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Perry Joyce, Ken Penttinen, Tanner Hedrick, Scott Harrison, Jennifer Killen, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Samantha, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks
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Hank describes mitosis and cytokinesis - the series of processes our cells go through to divide into two identical copies.

References:
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-02/wifb-amm020812.php
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/mitosis/mitosis.htm
http://www.genome.gov/Images/press_photos/highres/97-300.jpg
http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v2/n1/fig_tab/nrm0101_072a_F1.html
https://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?p=viewimage&id=33
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/mitosis_gif2.html

Table of Contents
1. Mitosis 0:24
2. Interphase 3:27
a) Chromatin 3:37
b) Centrosomes 3:52
3) Prophase 4:14
a) Chromosomes 4:18
b) Chromatid 4:31
c) Microtubules 5:07
4) Metaphase 5:22
a) Motor Proteins 5:36
5) Biolography 6:13
6) Anaphase 9:00
7) Telophase 9:15
8) Cleavage 9:25
9) Cytokinesis 9:36

This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron
"Opening Scotch Whisky.mp3" by Percy Duke

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Science and technology have existed in Latin America since well before Columbus arrived. But how have they impacted literature? In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll trace technological developments from the calendars of the Maya to WWII’s weapons of mass destruction—and uncover the creative ways writers have responded to them.

Introduction: A QR Poem 00:00
STEM in Pre-Colonial Latin America 0:53
"El Eclipse" 1:47
Creacionismo & "Altazor" 2:31
The Crack Movement 5:42
"En Busca de Klingsor" 6:51
Review & Credits 8:56

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:
https://youtu.be/NjEGncridoQ?si=2YRF1cm8oVVUzIdn
https://youtu.be/dCBDUDwaeCA?si=LS1Whq_J_2MTZUPi
https://youtu.be/_XPZQ0LAlR4?si=GXluosRg_bZ2eHLg https://youtu.be/Objoad6rG6U?si=Muz0EIFL42c9JGdV https://youtu.be/Q78COTwT7nE?si=XQwXmgVwWyhuBct1
https://youtu.be/NgVSHXOz3jI?si=O4b5n0yPA-Hg83Ve
https://youtu.be/w4q1fG1vh5I?si=Pl7LyUA7eaNQCcdm

Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mitch Gresko, Roger Harms, Brandon Thomas, Ken Davidian, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Johnathan Williams, Chelsea S, oranjeez, EllenBryn, Katrix , Evan Nelson, Shruti S, UwU, Leah H., Allison Wood, Thomas Sully, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Quinn Harden, Chuck Smith, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Rie Ohta, Jason Terpstra, NassauLinda, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Gina Mancuso, Elizabeth LaBelle, DexcilaDou, Barbara Pettersen, SpaceRangerWes, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Reed Spilmann, Pietro Gagliardi, Jason Rostoker, Toni Miles, Les Aker, Alex Hackman, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, team dorsey, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Triad Terrace, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, ClareG, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Ian Dundore, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Joseph Ruf, Nathan Taylor, Constance Urist, Jason Buster, Stephen Akuffo, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Perry Joyce, Ken Penttinen, Tanner Hedrick, Scott Harrison, Jennifer Killen, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Samantha, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks
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In which John Green teaches you about the fall of the Roman Empire, which happened considerably later than you may have been told. While the Western Roman Empire fell to barbarians in 476 CE, the Byzantines in Constantinople continued the Eastern Empire nicely, calling themselves Romans for a further 1000 years. Find out what Justinian and the rest of the Byzantine emperors were up to over there, and how the Roman Empire dragged out its famous Decline well into medieval times. In addition to all this, you'll learn about ancient sports riots and hipster barbarians, too.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Fall of Rome 00:00
Why Did the Roman Empire Fall? Barbarians at the Gates 0:30
Why Did the Roman Empire Fall? Barbarians Inside the Gates 2:07
An Open Letter to Pants 4:10
Constantine and the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 5:10
Comparing the Eastern & Western Roman Empires 6:57
Emperor Justinian 8:08
The Orthodox and Catholic Churches Split 10:38
Credits 12:06

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