A small group of cryptocurrency enthusiasts has made an offer that they hope cities in the United States will be unable to refuse.
The organisation City Coins is requesting that Miami and New York accept the equivalent of millions of dollars in a new cryptocurrency, and at least some of the money is real: Miami Mayor Francis Suarez announced last week that the city had received $5.25 million from City Coins.
The dizzying proposal has leaders in other cities, such as Philadelphia and Dearborn, Michigan, clamouring to get in on a deal they hope will patch budgets, similar to how some cities and states hoped lotteries or legalised gambling would solve financial problems.
That hype also benefits those who invest early in new currencies, which contributes to claims that cryptocurrency startups are too similar to pyramid schemes.
When Suarez announced his city's partnership with the group in November, one of its leaders, Patrick Stanley, told news outlet and cryptocurrency price index company CoinDesk TV that Suarez "just turned his city into an oil producing country that gives Bitcoin yield to its citizens, which is incredible."
That hasn't happened, and there are many legal and technological hurdles to overcome before it can.
To begin with, the value of cryptocurrencies can fluctuate greatly. Between November and the end of January, the popular cryptocurrency Bitcoin lost nearly half its value, falling from a peak of $67,500 to just above $35,000; it has since recovered slightly to around $43,000. Cryptocurrencies are also popular among criminals due to their anonymity. Scams abound in the world of cryptocurrency trading.
The proposal by the group builds on the blockchain technology that underpins Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. People who want to support the city of Miami can invest in Miami Coin (as can anyone else), with a portion of their money going to the city. The remainder is divided among Miami Coin's other investors. The system is set up in such a way that those who make larger investments and get in early are favoured.
If everything goes as planned, the new cryptocurrency's price will rise, and the city will receive free money.
Participants in the City Coins project hope that Miami residents will eventually be able to use the blockchain technology Miami Coin is built on to hold their identification, pay taxes, or vote, increasing the coins' value. City Coins' contract with Miami makes no mention of any of these possibilities.
The proposed arrangement is also unusual in terms of economic development, in part because City Coins claims to be a kind of collective rather than a company. Aside from a link to the messaging app Discord, its website contains no employees or contact information. It is a nonprofit organisation registered in Delaware. According to online records, it is not registered in Florida.
When reached on Discord, community lead Andre Serrano estimated that the number of people involved in City Coins ranges between 10,000 and 15,000, based on City Coins' Twitter followers and those who have joined the Discord chat.
Suarez stated in a statement that the city cannot legally hold cryptocurrencies. So, for the time being, he said, "City Coins acts as a custodian of Miami's rewards until they are converted into dollars and formally gifted to the city," the first $5.25 million of which was given to the city on Feb. 2.
In terms of scale, the city of Miami's operating budget was more than $1.3 billion when it was adopted in October.
"We have a lot of ideas for how we can spend the money, and we fully intend to listen to the community's input on how to deploy the funds," Suarez said in a statement, implying that education would be a priority.
According to John Forrer, a research professor at George Washington University's public policy school, the unprecedented agreement poses potential pitfalls for any municipality that participates.
"There's so much uncertainty and it's so new, are you sure you've investigated all of the risks and that you have a way of dealing with them whatever they are?" he asked, adding that it's critical the city can hold the outside party accountable if necessary.
Stanley is listed as the point of contact in the contract City Coins signed with the Miami, with an address in a Los Angeles strip mall. He has appeared in interviews about Miami Coin alongside Suarez, where he is identified as the community lead for City Coins. He did not respond to questions about the City Coins' structure and organisation. Stanley has previously stated in public that he worked with Stacks, the cryptocurrency ecosystem on which City Coins is based.
Cities may want to consider blockchain technology to increase financial transparency, according to Liat Shetret, director of regulatory affairs and compliance policy at risk analysis firm Solidus Labs. She is concerned, however, that politicians are promoting cryptocurrencies as a gimmick rather than preparing their cities to deal with new issues such as money laundering.
Because of the nature of the blockchain, while it is possible to see which accounts own Miami Coin or are mining it, the true identities of those people are not publicly visible. Currency exchanges request basic information like names, addresses, and Social Security numbers; it's unclear how much identifying information coin creators collect. Participants are not required to be Miami residents.
Neither Suarez's office, Stanley, nor the Stacks Foundation responded to questions about whether they had access to the personal information of Miami Coin participants or if they were concerned about the participants' anonymity.
"It's critical to keep bad actors off of these platforms," Shetret said.
While New York City Mayor Eric Adams has been a supporter of cryptocurrencies, his administration has yet to sign on to the project, despite the November launch of a New York City Coin.
Adams' office did not respond to questions about whether the mayor was considering accepting City Coins funds.
Residents of New York are currently unable to purchase the New York coin because the lone exchange offering it is not licenced in the state. "We're optimistic that it'll be approved by midyear," said Larissa Bundziak, a spokesperson for the exchange Okcoin, which began selling the New York coin to non-New Yorkers on Jan. 26.
Last week, some City Coins participants expressed dissatisfaction with the experiment's progress and debated whether the group should launch cryptocurrencies in new cities or wait for the value of the coins in Miami and New York to prove themselves more.
"It's simple to get a city to claim free money," one participant wrote. "It takes more than that to actually provide value," so that there are good reasons for people to participate in the long run. Randall Chase of the Associated Press in Dover, Delaware, contributed to this report.