Episode Summary

Erin and Rachel discuss Bolt (2008), a lesser known film about a dog who thinks he’s a super hero. Under new leadership, Disney Animation Studios starts to come out of their slump with this film that some people found boring (Erin) and others found heartwarming (Rachel). 

Episode Bibliography

Amidi, A. (2006, December 18). Chris Sanders No Longer Directing American Dog. Cartoon Brew. https://www.cartoonbrew.com/disney/chris-sanders-no-longer-directing-american-dog-2407.html

Bolt. (n.d.). Box Office Mojo. https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1531348481/

Bolt (2008 film). (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_(2008_film)

Catmull, E., & Wallace, A. (2014). Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. Random House Publishing Group.

Desowitz, B. (2008, December 4). The Digital Eye: How 'Bolt' Got Painterly. Animation World Network. https://www.awn.com/vfxworld/digital-eye-how-bolt-got-painterly

Donofrio, E. C. (2013). The wonderful world of gender roles: A look at recent Disney children’s films [Honors thesis, Boston College]. https://core.ac.uk/reader/151481530

DVD Deleted Scenes. (2024, October 7). Bolt (2008) | Behind the Scenes + Deleted Scenes. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsEyzc4FVZE

Evry, M. (2020, February 13). Exclusive: Kiskaloo Movie Could Be Next for Chris Sanders! ComingSoon.net. https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1122952-exclusive-kiskaloo-movie-could-be-next-for-chris-sanders

Fleming, M. (2002, November 18). ‘Lilo’ scribes stitch Disney package. Variety. https://variety.com/2002/scene/markets-festivals/lilo-scribes-stitch-disney-package-1117876239/

Fritz, B. (2006, December 1). Disney lays off animators. Variety. https://variety.com/2006/digital/features/disney-lays-off-animators-1117954931/

Fritz, B. (2007, March 27). Sanders joins DreamWorks. Variety. https://variety.com/2007/digital/markets-festivals/sanders-joins-dreamworks-1117961927/

From the creator of LILO & STITCH our first look at AMERICAN DOG!!!! (2004, August 16). Ain't It Cool News. https://legacy.aintitcool.com/node/18156

Hedrick, D. (2010). King Lear or Bolt: The entertainment unconscious from CalArts to Disney. Shakespeare Studies, 38, 37-47. 

Hill, J. (2007, February 12). Toon Tuesday : How Disney is fixing “American Dog”. Jim Hill Media. https://jimhillmedia.com/toon-tuesday-how-disney-is-fixing-american-dog/

Howard, B., & Williams, C. (Directors). (2008). Bolt [Film]. Walt Disney Animation Studios.

Hurt, L.S. (2014). Fuzzy toys and fuzzy feelings: How the “Disney” culture provides the necessary psychological link to improving animal welfare. Journal of Animal & Natural Resource Law, 10, 253-272.

McCarthy, T. (2008, November 13). Bolt. Variety. https://variety.com/2008/digital/awards/bolt-3-1200472217/

Ness, M. (2016, November 17). An Adorable Dog in an Unbelievable Premise: Disney's Bolt. Reactor. https://reactormag.com/an-adorable-dog-in-an-unbelievable-premise-disneys-bolt/

Porter, P. (2009). Journeys toward an authentic self. Society and Animals, 17, 368-375. DOI: 10.1163106311109X12474622855345

Rechtshaffen, M. (2008, November 13). Film Review: Bolt. The Hollywood Reporter. https://web.archive.org/web/20081216015641/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film/reviews/article_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=prd6JhJJnvQL9cYrfRKSHVQjP6dRnLhLH4SZ1KQht3tfhVLxmjqn!-591095386&&rid=11956

Robinson, T. (2008, November 20). Bolt. AV Club. https://www.avclub.com/bolt-1798205268

Scott, A. O. (2008, November 20). Canine TV Action Star Discovers that Life is the Best Reality Show. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/21/movies/21bolt.html

Seibert, P. (2008). Bolt: Review. TV Guide. https://web.archive.org/web/20120212213609/http://movies.tvguide.com/bolt/review/294809

Springy. (2023, October 11). American Dog: everything I found in one neat thread. forums.lostmediawiki.com. https://forums.lostmediawiki.com/thread/12742/american-dog-neat-thread

Turan, K. (2008, November 21). ‘Bolt’ spices up Disney with a dash of Pixar. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-21-et-bolt21-story.html

Wang, T. (2021). Bolt (2008): Journey to the authentic self. In S. M. Alegre (Ed.), Gender in 21st century animated children’s cinema (pp. 86-87). https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/llibres/2021/236285/gen21cen_a2021.pdf

Wolff, E. (2009, February 5). Animated Oscar noms took long road. Variety. https://variety.com/2009/film/awards/animated-oscar-noms-took-long-road-1117999618/

Episode Summary

Erin and Rachel travel 700 years into the future to discuss WALL-E (2008), Pixar’s robot romance with an unintentionally anti-capitalist message. Fatphobia and misogyny make this dystopian tale unwatchable despite its endearing protagonist, striking animation, and moments of nostalgia. 

Episode Bibliography

The 81st Academy Awards | 2009. (2009, February 22). Oscars.org. https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2009

Akers, D. (2008, June 9). Wall-E: A Movie With a Full Heart, or A Tribute to Justin. Spectrum. https://spectrummagazine.org/news/wall-e-movie-full-heart-or-tribute-justin/

Allen, C. (2008, July 13). Wall-E doesn’t say anything. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/la-op-allen13-2008jul13-story.html

Anderson, C.T. (2012). Post-apocalyptic nostalgia: WALL-E, garbage, and American ambivalence toward manufactured goods. Literature Interpretation Theory, 23(3), 267-282, DOI: 10.1080/10436928.2012.703598

Ball, S. (2009, January 23). Mr. Oscar, Tear Down This Wall! Andrew Stanton on How Animated Films are Pigeonholed -- and How Wall-E is Every Man. Newsweek. https://web.archive.org/web/20090204034311/http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/popvox/archive/2009/01/23/breaking-out-of-the-box-wall-e-director-andrew-stanton-on-the-oscars-the-blurring-of-the-line-between-animation-and-film-and-writing-strong-female-character

Bandyk, M. (2009, January 22). Academy Awards Controversy: Wall-E Gets Snubbed For Best Picture Oscar. USNews. https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180938/http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/risky-business/2009/01/22/academy-awards-controversy-wall-e-gets-snubbed-for-best-picture-oscar

Barbagallo, R. (2009). Design With a Purpose, an interview with Ralph Eggleston. Animation Art Conservation. https://www.animationartconservation.com/design-with-a-purpose%2c-an-interview-with-ralph-eggleston.html

Beck, B. (2009). Don't make me laugh: People are funny in WALL-E and Tropic Thunder.  Multicultural Perspectives, 11(2), 90-93. DOI: 10.1080/15210960903028768

Bold, K. (2008, July 23). ‘WALL-E’ and the professor. Today@UCI. https://web.archive.org/web/20080726230400/http://today.uci.edu/Features/profile_detail.asp?key=369

Bose, M. (2017). Immaterial thoughts: Brand value, environmental sustainability, and WALL-E. Criticism, 59(2), 247-277. DOI: 10.13110/criticism.59.2.0247

Caraway, K., & Caraway, B.R. (2020). Representing ecological crises in children’s media: An analysis of The Lorax and Wall-E. Environmental Communication, 14(5), 686-697, DOI: 10.1080/17524032.2019.1710226

Coconut Press. (2022, July 1). The Making of WALL-E: The Imperfect Lens (Disney Pixar video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8tlVs4r7zg

Desowitz, B. (2009). Hello, WALL•E!: Pixar Reaches for the Stars. Animation World Magazine. https://web.archive.org/web/20090720073659/http://mag.awn.com/article_view.php?id=3682&page=all

Disney Enterprises, Inc./Pixar. (2008, June 12). WALL-E Press Kit. Disney. https://web.archive.org/web/20110711103245/http://adisney.go.com/disneyvideos/animatedfilms/wall-e/media/downloads/WALLEProductionNotes.pdf

Ebert, R. (2008, June 26). Droid Story. Roger Ebert. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/wall-e-2008

Film Review: WALL-E. (2008, October 1). BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_7500000/newsid_7504500/7504559.stm

Flaig, P. (2016). Slapstick after Fordism: WALL-E, automatism and Pixar’s fun factory. Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 11(1), 59-74. DOI: 10.1177/1746847715625017

Frick, A. (2008, July 1). Right-Wing Apoplectic Over Pixar’s WALL-E: ‘Malthusian Fear Mongering,’ ‘Fascistic Elements’. Think Progress. https://archive.thinkprogress.org/right-wing-apoplectic-over-pixars-wall-e-malthusian-fear-mongering-fascistic-elements-92e1523a8a6e/

Gaffey, A.J. (2018). Flip the switch: Virtue, programming, and the prospect of automatic agency in Wall-E. Southern Communication Journal, 83(1), 41-56. DOI: 10.1080/1041794X.2017.1399434

Glint, J.M.S., & Bhuvaneswari, G. (2025). Memory, Social Identity and Technology at Odds: The Implication on Physical Well‑Being in Wall‑E. Human Arenas. DOI: 10.1007/s42087-024-00471-w

Hill, J. (2008, June 17). When it comes to the retail world, Speed Racer whomps WALL-E. Jim Hill Media. https://jimhillmedia.com/when-it-comes-to-the-retail-world-speed-racer-whomps-wall-e/

Hobbes, M., & Gordon, A. [Hosts]. (2022, May 31). MP Watch Part: Wall-E and Spy [Audio podcast episode]. In Maintenance Phase. https://www.maintenancephase.com/

Horn, S., & Moro, E. (2008, April 7). Wall•E Preview. IGN. https://web.archive.org/web/20080411234805/http://movies.ign.com/articles/865/865021p4.html

Huxley, T. (2008, November 13). Q&A With WALL•E's Ben Burtt. Pixar Planet. https://pixarplanet.com/blog/qa-with-walles-ben-burtt/

Justin Wright. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 13, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Wright

Korfiatis, K., Photiou, M., & Petrou, S. (2020). Effects of ecoanimations on nine and twelve year old children’s environmental conceptions: How WALL-E changed young spectators’ views of earth and environmental protection. The Journal of Environmental Education, 51(5), 381-394. DOI: 10.1080/00958964.2020.1747965 

Lloyd, A. (2023, December 1). Counteracting Bone and Muscle Loss in Microgravity. NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/counteracting-bone-and-muscle-loss-in-microgravity/

Mattie, S. (2014). WALL-E on the problem of technology. Perspectives on Political Science, 43(1), 12-20. DOI: 10.1080/10457097.2013.784576

Murray, R.L., & Heumann, J.K. (2011). That’s all folks? Ecocritical readings of American animated features. University of Nebraska Press. 

Ness, M. (2017, September 28). Robots in Love: WALL-E. Reactor. https://reactormag.com/robots-in-love-wall-e/

Pixar. (2016a, October 16). Robo-Everything | WALL•E | Disney•Pixar. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqquKFkH-iI&list=PLLhVNqe2jAb8X9ocSkynckJmcP5y0B4Vc&index=9

Pixar. (2016b, October 19). Captain's Log | WALL•E | Disney•Pixar. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRUoIOkp9AU&list=PLLhVNqe2jAb8X9ocSkynckJmcP5y0B4Vc&index=5

Pixar. (2016c, October 19). Live Action | WALL•E | Disney•Pixar. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQh4z-j0ScI&list=PLLhVNqe2jAb8X9ocSkynckJmcP5y0B4Vc&index=15

Pixar. (2016d, October 19). Trash Planet | WALL•E | Disney•Pixar. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmnSYmqpIEY&list=PLLhVNqe2jAb8X9ocSkynckJmcP5y0B4Vc&index=14

Pixar. (2016e, October 19). WALL•E and EVE | WALL•E | Disney•Pixar. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-AYOhIYZlQ&list=PLLhVNqe2jAb8X9ocSkynckJmcP5y0B4Vc&index=12

Potokar, S. (2017, March 8). Wall-E Animation Foley and Sound Design. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IPxIvbc_cs

Price, D. A. (2009). The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

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Roberts, S. (2008). Andrew Stanton Interview, Wall-E. Movies Online. https://web.archive.org/web/20080626061223/http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_14899.html

Robinson, T. (2008, June 26). Andrew Stanton. A.V. Club. https://web.archive.org/web/20080908045321/http://www.avclub.com/content/interview/andrew_stanton

Stanton, A. (Director). (2008). WALL-E [Film]. Pixar Animation Studios.

Suellentrop, C. (2008, June 30). Another Brick in the ‘WALL-E’. The New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/another-brick-in-the-wall-e/

Tranter, P., & Sharpe, S. (2012). Disney-Pixar to the rescue: Harnessing positive affect for enhancing children’s active mobility. Journal of Transport Geography, 20, 34-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.04.006

van Oosterwijk, I., & McCarthy, W. (2023). Once upon a dystopian time: The portrayal and perception of environmentalism in Pixar’s Finding Nemo and WALL-E. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 40(7), 848-873. DOI: 10.1080/10509208.2022.2049181 

WALL-E. (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WALL-E

WALL-E. (n.d.). Box Office Mojo. https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3615065601/

Willman, C. (2008, July 14). 'WALL-E': How he found 'Hello, Dolly!' Entertainment Weekly. https://ew.com/article/2008/07/14/wall-e-how-he-found-hello-dolly/

Yates, M. (2015). Labor as “nature,” nature as labor. Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, 22(3), 525-543.

Episode Summary

Erin and Rachel discuss Ratatouille (2007), a Pixar film about a French rat who wants to be a chef. Their discussion includes a fine stew of food politics, meritocracy, and sexism with a garnish of fatphobia. Bon appetit! 

Episode Bibliography

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Bird, B. [@BradBirdA113]. (2020, July 13). The “Guarantee” was my idea, not Pixar’s. It had zero to do with CARS or HAPPY FEET. It was a [Tweet]. Twitter. https://x.com/bradbirda113/status/1282845727446765568

Bird, B. (Director). (2007). Ratatouille [Film]. Pixar Animation Studios.

Booth, M. (2007, June 27). Oui! A rich foodie treat, with a great view. The Denver Post. https://www.denverpost.com/2007/06/27/oui-a-rich-foodie-treat-with-a-great-view/

Brandes, S., & Anderson, T. (2011). Ratatouille: An animated account of cooking, taste, and human evolution. Ethnos, 76(3), 277-299. DOI: 10.1080/00141844.2011.569559

Chang, J. (2007, June 18). Film Review: Ratatouille. Variety. https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/ratatouille-2-1200558501/

Daly, S. (2010). Summer Movie Q&A; Top Chef. EW.com. htps://web.archive.org/web/20100222021712/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20166944_20166964_20043277,00.html

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Desowitz, B. (2007, April 25). Brad Bird Offers an Early Taste of 'Ratatouille'. Animation World Network. https://www.awn.com/animationworld/brad-bird-offers-early-taste-ratatouille

Desowitz, B. (2007, May 11). Ratatouille to Kick Off With 'Big Cheese Tour'. Animation World Network. https://www.awn.com/news/ratatouille-kick-big-cheese-tour

Dockterman, E. (2020, December 30). How the Ratatouille Musical Went From TikTok Sensation to All-Star Broadway Production. Time. https://time.com/5925560/ratatouille-tiktok-musical/

Eric ArtPassion. (2019, December 10). The Making of Ratatouille. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjYmGqYgVxA

Estiloz, T. (2007, July 3). Ratatouille: Behind the Scenes at Pixar & Film's Stars Chat. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTvOilSDCgc

Ferguson, P. (2014). Word of mouth: What we talk about when we talk about food. University of California Press.

Finn, S.M. (2017). Discriminating taste: How class anxiety created the American food revolution. Rutgers University Press.

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Gleiberman, O. (2007, July 6). Ratatouille (2007). Entertainment Weekly. https://web.archive.org/web/20141108232303/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20044993,00.html

Graser, M. (2007, June 15). Pixar hopes auds find ‘Ratatouille’ tasty. Variety. https://variety.com/2007/film/features/pixar-hopes-auds-find-ratatouille-tasty-1117967050/

Hammond, W. (2007, October 8). Ratatouille 2007, directed by Brad Bird | Film review. Time Out. https://www.timeout.com/movies/ratatouille

Harrap, C. (2022, April 13). Still in the Dark Ages: Are French Kitchens Sexist? France Today. https://francetoday.com/food-drink/still-in-the-dark-ages-are-french-kitchens-sexist/

Harris, D.A., & Giuffre, P. (2015). Taking the heat: Women chefs and gender inequality in the professional kitchen. Rutgers University Press. 

Hayhurst, D. (2007, August 9). Record breaking ‘Ratatouille’. Variety. https://variety.com/2007/film/box-office/record-breaking-ratatouille-1117969958/

Herhuth, E. (2017). Pixar and the aesthetic imagination: Animation, storytelling, and digital culture. University of California Press.

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Rea, S. (2007, June 29). You'll smell a . . . terrific 'toon, starring a rat. Philly.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071441/http://articles.philly.com/2007-06-29/entertainment/24994660_1_remy-sous-chef-auguste-gusteau

Rodriguez, R. (2007, June 29). A delightful stew offers a treat for all ages. Miami Herald. https://archive.ph/20070623044747/http://ae.miami.com/entertainment/ui/miami/movie.html#selection-897.85-909.108

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Sublette, C.M., & Martin, J. (2013). Let them eat cake, caviar, organic, and whole foods: American elitism, white trash dinner parties, and diet. Studies in Popular Culture, 36(1), 221-43. 

Episode Summary

Erin and Rachel travel to a frenetic future to discuss Meet the Robinsons (2007), a fever dream of a film that performed poorly at the box office despite intervention from John Lasseter, newly seated Chief Creative Officer of Walt Disney Animation Studios. Sexist and fatphobic content are only minimally present, but that doesn’t mean Erin and Rachel enjoyed this chaotic whirlwind of characters and colors any more than the critics who panned it in 2007. 

Episode Bibliography

A Day with Wilbur Robinson. (2023, December 1). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Day_with_Wilbur_Robinson

Anderson, S. (Director). (2007). Meet the Robinsons [Film]. Walt Disney Animation Studios. 

Davis, A. M. (2014). Handsome heroes and vile villains : Men in Disney's feature animation. John Libbey & Company, Limited.

Desowitz, B. (2007, March 30). 'Meet The Robinsons': Keep Moving Forward at Disney. Animation World Network. https://www.awn.com/animationworld/meet-robinsons-keep-moving-forward-disney

The Disney Archives. (2024, December 14). Meet The Robinsons - Deleted Scenes. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqiYsgkA_rw&list=PLhOndNwQYfNCj2GJsaHTEBLjYj1la10h-&index=5

The Disney Archives. (2024, December 14). Meet the Robinsons - Inventing the Robinsons. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2Se1oa9AUw

Jamieson, D. (2020, May 23). THE HOUSE OF MOUSE PROJECT - 'Meet the Robinsons'. The Jam Report. https://thejamreport.com/2020/05/23/the-house-of-mouse-project-meet-the-robinsons/

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McCarthy, T. (2007, March 29). Meet the Robinsons. Variety. https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/meet-the-robinsons-2-1200509306/

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Moore, R. (2007, March 30). Movie review: 'Meet the Robinsons'. Record Online. https://www.recordonline.com/story/entertainment/local/2007/03/30/movie-review-meet-robinsons/52934218007/

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Ness, M. (2016, May 19). When Even Dinosaur Fights Aren’t Enough: Disney’s Meet the Robinsons. Reactor. https://reactormag.com/when-even-dinosaur-fights-arent-enough-disneys-meet-the-robinsons/

Schwarzbaum, L. (2007, March 28). Meet the Robinsons. EW.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20070406232713/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20016245,00.html

Scott, A.O. (2007, March 30). FILM REVIEW; A Nerdy Orphan Plows Ahead With a Lot of Familiar Novelties. New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9B00E1D91030F933A05750C0A9619C8B63.html

Setyowati, R. (2012). Spreading the spirit of the American dream through Walt Disney’s film “Meet The Robinsons”. Register Journal, 5(2), 241-257. 

Zwecker, B. (2007, March 29). 'Robinsons' a feel-good fantasy. Ocala StarBanner. https://www.ocala.com/story/news/2007/03/29/robinsons-a-feel-good-fantasy/31193623007/

Episode Summary

In this episode about Cars (2006), Erin and Rachel take a road trip to Radiator Springs, discussing Pixar history, environmentalism, and masculinity and masculinity along the way. Ka-chow! 

Episode Bibliography

The Amazing Double Life of Jorgen Klubien. (2013, October 15). FLIP. https://flipanimation.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-amazing-double-life-of-jorgen.html

Arnold, W. (2006, June 8). Cars is a joyous ride. Seattle PI. https://www.seattlepi.com/entertainment/movies/article/cars-is-a-joyous-ride-1205659.php

Cars. (n.d.). Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 17, 2025, from https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1195935233/

Cars (2006) - Awards. (n.d.). IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0317219/awards/

Cars (2006) - Full Cast & Crew. (n.d.). IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0317219/fullcredits

Cars (film). (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(film)

Cars — Pixar Animation Studios. (2025). Pixar Animation Studios. https://www.pixar.com/cars

Cars Production Information. (n.d.). https://web.archive.org/web/20070308104817/http://adisney.go.com/disneypictures/cars/us/bios/CARSProdNotes.pdf

Culbreth, S., & Huber, R. J. (2015). Cars and social interest. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(3), 327-336.

Ebert, R. (2006, June 8). NASCAR + Pixar = Pixcars movie review (2006). Roger Ebert. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/cars-2006

Gillam, K., & Wooden, S. R. (2008). Post-princess models of gender: The new man in Disney/Pixar. Journal of Popular Film and Television, 36(1), 2-8. doi: 10.3200/JPFT.36.1.2-8

Hill, J. (2011, July 6). The Roads Not Taken With Pixar's Cars Films. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/disney-cars-films_b_890538

Hott, L. R., & Lewis, T. (Directors). (1997). Divided Highways: The Interstates and the Transformation of American Life [Film]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLr-8QPbiAY

Joe Ranft. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved January 18, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ranft

Jørgen Klubien. (n.d.). Pixar Cars Wiki. https://pixarcars.fandom.com/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Klubien

Kinzler, K. D., & DeJesus, J. M. (2013). Northern = smart and Souther = nice: The development of accent attitudes in the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(6), 1146-1158. DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.731695

Klubien, J. (2024). Story Development. Jorgen Klubien. https://jorgenklubien.com/portfolio/story%20development

Lasseter, J. (Director). (2006). Cars [Film]. Pixar Animation Studios.

Lowry, B. (2006, June 4). Film Review: Cars. Variety. https://variety.com/2006/film/reviews/cars-3-1200515758/

Malouf, M. (2017). Behind the closet door: Pixar and petro-literacy. In S. Wilson, A. Carlson, & I. Szeman (Eds.), Petrocultures: Oil, politics, culture (pp. 138-161). 

Ness, M. (2017, July 27). Driving Without Wonder: Pixar’s Cars. Reactor. https://reactormag.com/driving-without-wonder-pixars-cars/

Price, D. A. (2009). The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Rahayu, N. (2019). The portrayal of gender and race in the Cars trilogy. Atavisme, 22,(1), 75-87. doi: 10.24257/atavisme.v22i1.532.75-87

Reaves, J. (2006). Movie Review: 'Cars'. Metromix. https://web.archive.org/web/20060613101342/http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/mmx-060609-movies-review-cars%2C0%2C997014.story

Tenzek, K. E., & Nickels, B. M. (2019). End-of-life in Disney and Pixar films: An opportunity for

engaging in difficult conversation. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 80(1), 49-68. doi: 10.1177/0030222817726258

Travers, P. (2006, June 1). Cars. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/cars-119316/

Wilonsky, R. (2006, May 30). Running on Fumes. The Village Voice. https://web.archive.org/web/20140107215214/http://www.villagevoice.com/2006-05-30/film/running-on-fumes/

WonderLand. (2020, November 8). Pixar Cars 2006 Behind The Scenes. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uF40QwDZtXo

Episode Summary

Chicken Little (2005), the modern retelling of the classic folk tale, will make you wish the sky was falling so the movie would end. Erin and Rachel discuss the gender dynamics and fatphobia in this story about a father and son (and also baseball and aliens). 

Episode Bibliography

Åström, B. (2015). The symbolic annihilation of mothers in popular culture: Single Father and the death of the mother. Feminist Media Studies, 15(4), 593-607. DOIi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2014.994100

Åström, B.  (2017). The absent mother in the cultural imagination: Missing, presumed dead. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49037-3_15

Ball, R. (2005, June 28). Chicken Little to Christen Disney Digital 3D. Animation Magazine. https://www.animationmagazine.net/2005/06/chicken-little-to-christen-disney-digital-3d/

Berardinelli, J. (2005). Chicken Little. ReelViews. https://preview.reelviews.net/movies/c/chicken_little.html

Burr, T. (2005, November 4). Chicken Little Movie Review. Boston Globe. https://web.archive.org/web/20060427230618/http://www.boston.com/movies/display?display=movie&id=6925

Carroll, L. (2005, November 2). Zach Braff Calls ‘Chicken Little’ ‘Garden State’ On A Farm. MTV. https://web.archive.org/web/20160302153142/http://www.mtv.com/news/1512812/zach-braff-calls-chicken-little-garden-state-on-a-farm/

Chicken Little. (n.d.). Box Office Mojo. https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1615562241/

Chicken Little (2005 film). (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Little_(2005_film)

Desowitz, B. (2005, November 4). 'Chicken Little' & Beyond: Disney Rediscovers its Legacy Through 3D Animation. Animation World Network. https://www.awn.com/animationworld/chicken-little-beyond-disney-rediscovers-its-legacy-through-3d-animation

Dindal, M. (Director). (2005). Chicken Little [Film]. Walt Disney Animation Studios, 

Henny Penny. (2024, August 15). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henny_Penny

Joe Grant. (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Grant

McEachern, M. (2005, November). The Sky's the Limit. Computer Graphics World. https://www.cgw.com/Publications/CGW/2005/Volume-28-Issue-11-November-2005-/The-Skys-the-Limit.aspx

Mousefiles. (2007, August 10). Chicken Little [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/p_GaYdae4j0

Ness, M. (2016, May 12). An Inauspicious Start to Computer Animation: Disney's Chicken Little. Reactor. https://reactormag.com/an-inauspicious-start-to-computer-animation-chicken-little/

Randall, L. (2005, November 2). `Chicken Little' a big deal 3D animated film is a milestone for Garry Marshall & Disney. Pilly.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304145945/http://articles.philly.com/2005-11-02/entertainment/25430998_1_traditional-hand-drawn-animated-films-first-disney-film-latest-animated-feature

Richards, O. (2006, January 27). Chicken Little Review. Empire Magazine. https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/chicken-little-review/

Scott, A.O. (2005, November 4). A Chick Flick With Aliens Falling From the Sky. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/04/movies/a-chick-flick-with-aliens-falling-from-the-sky.html

Taylor, D. (2020, November 9). Chicken Little: Inside the History of Disney's First CGI Movie. Collider. https://collider.com/disney-chicken-little-history-explained/

WonderLand. (2020, November 8). Chicken Little 2005 Behind The Scenes. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvkGUZTr47Y

Young, R. (Host). (2023-present). Weight for it [Audio podcast]. Radiotopia. https://www.radiotopia.fm/podcasts/weight-for-it

Episode Summary

Family superhero saga, The Incredibles (2004), was another smash hit for Pixar. Although fun to watch, the focus on a middle aged male protagonist leads Erin and Rachel to ask once again, who is this movie really for?

Episode Bibliography

Al-Jbouri, E., & Pomerantz, S. (2020). A new kind of monster, cowboy, and crusader? Gender hegemony and flows of masculinities in Pixar animated films. Boyhood Studies, 13(1), 43-63. doi: 10.3167/bhs.2020.130104

Barrier, M. (2005, February 27). Brad Bird. Michael Barrier. http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Interviews/Bird/Bird_Interview.htm

Bird, B. (Director). (2004). The Incredibles [Film]. Pixar Animation Studios. 

D, S. (2004, November 4). Michael Giacchino Interview. IGN. https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/11/04/michael-giacchino-interview

Desowitz, B. (2004, November 5). Brad Bird & Pixar Tackle CG Humans Like True Superheroes. Animation World Network. https://www.awn.com/animationworld/brad-bird-pixar-tackle-cg-humans-true-superheroes

DVDXtras. (2024, February 7). The Incredibles (2004) | Behind the Scenes + Deleted Scenes. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iimbuPBVrvY

Ebert, R. (2004, November 4). The Incredibles movie review & film summary (2004). Roger Ebert. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-incredibles-2004

Edelstein, D. (2004, November 4). Reality Bytes. The Incredible Incredibles. https://slate.com/culture/2004/11/the-incredible-incredibles.html

Gillam, K., & Wooden, S. R. (2008). Post-princess models of gender: The new man in Disney/Pixar. Journal of Popular Film and Television, 36(1), 2-8. doi:  10.3200/JPFT.36.1.2-8

Hill, J. (2023, June 28). That Little Old Lady Bears an "Incredibles" Resemblance to ... Jim Hill Media. https://jimhillmedia.com/that-little-old-lady-bears-an-incredibles-resemblance-to/

The Incredibles. (n.d.). Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 12, 2024, from https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0317705/

The Incredibles. (2005). Entertainment Magazine. https://web.archive.org/web/20170617231818/http://www.emol.org/film/archives/incredibles/index.html

Lee, M. J. (2004, October 17). Brad Bird, The Incredibles. RadioFree. https://movies.radiofree.com/interviews/theincre_brad_bird.shtml

Macaluso, M. (2018). Postfeminist masculinity: The new Disney norm?. Social Sciences, 7, 221-231. doi: 10.3390/socsci7110221

McCarthy, T. (2004, October 31). The Incredibles. Variety. https://variety.com/2004/film/awards/the-incredibles-3-1200529884/

Michael Giacchino. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved July 12, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Giacchino

Miller, G. E. (2018, June 14). 'Incredibles' Edna Mode is based on these fashion mavens. New York Post. https://nypost.com/2018/06/14/incredibles-edna-mode-is-based-on-these-fashion-mavens/

Moriarity. (2004, November 5). AICN Animation Double-Header! Moriarty Interviews Brad Bird!! Ain't It Cool News. https://web.archive.org/web/20140415053240/http://www.aintitcool.com/node/18753

Ocwieja, J. (2015, June 10). Exceptionalism and “The Incredibles” | by Jeff Ocwieja. Medium. https://medium.com/@jeffocwieja/exceptionalism-and-the-incredibles-3b0764f4de07

Otto, J. (2004, November 4). Interview: Brad Bird. IGN. https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/11/05/interview-brad-bird

Patrizio, A. (2005, March 9). An Interview with Brad Bird. IGN. https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/03/10/an-interview-with-brad-bird

Price, D. A. (2009). The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Rao, H., Sutton, R., & Webb, A. P. (2008, April 1). Innovation lessons from Pixar: An interview with Oscar-winning director Brad Bird. McKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/innovation-lessons-from-pixar-an-interview-with-oscar-winning-director-brad-bird

Rouner, J. (2014, June 23). 5 Ways The Incredibles Is Ayn Randian Propaganda. HoustonPress. https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/5-ways-the-incredibles-is-ayn-randian-propaganda-6364574

Sonnack, M. (2021, December 19). The Incredibles' Rejected Villain Xerek, Explained. CBR. https://www.cbr.com/xerek-incredibles-rejected-villain-explained/

Travers, P. (2004, November 3). The Incredibles. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/the-incredibles-255640/

Winter, J. (2004, October 26). Full Metal Racket. The Village Voice. https://web.archive.org/web/20110604015209/https://www.villagevoice.com/2004-10-26/film/full-metal-racket/

Wooden, S.R., & Gillam, K. (2014). Pixar’s boy stories: Masculinity in a postmodern age. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 

Episode Summary

Erin and Rachel venture to the Old West to discuss the oft forgotten 2004 flop Home on the Range. The convoluted plot, juvenile humor, and unsympathetic characters make for a frustrating viewing experience. Most critics and audience members seem to agree this movie would be best put out to pasture. 

Episode Bibliography

#26. A Conversation with John Sanford. (n.d.). Fülle Circle Magazine. https://www.fullecirclemagazine.com/2008/12/conversation-with-john-sanford.html

Dudley, S. (2018, July 6). Trailblazers: The Making of Home on the Range (2004). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3h7Bc6YjzD8

Ebert, R. (2004, April 2). Home on the Range movie review (2004). Roger Ebert. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/home-on-the-range-2004

Finn, W., & Sanford, J. (Directors). (2004). Home on the Range [Film]. Walt Disney Pictures.

Home on the Range. (n.d.). Box Office Mojo. https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3411641857/

Home on the Range. (n.d.). IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0299172/?ref_=ttfc_fc_tt

Home on the Range (2004 film). (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_on_the_Range_(2004_film)#Accolades

Library of Congress. (n.d.). The American West, 1865-1900. https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/american-west-1865-1900/

Mitchell, E. (2004, April 2). FILM REVIEW; A Western With Watercolor Vistas and a Passel of Parody. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/02/movies/film-review-a-western-with-watercolor-vistas-and-a-passel-of-parody.html

Ness, M. (2016, November 10). Udderly Awful Yodeling: Disney's Home on the Range. Reactor. https://reactormag.com/udderly-awful-yodeling-disneys-home-on-the-range/

O’Boyle, J.G. (1996). “Be sure you’re right, then go ahead”: The early Disney westerns. Journal of Popular Film & Television, 24(2). DOI: 10.1080/01956051.1996.9943716

Puig, C. (2004, April 2). Also Opening. USA Today. https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2004-04-02-also-opening_x.htm

Rhett, W. (2004, March 25). Special Report From Rhett Wickham: Honing the Range (Part One). Laughing Place. https://www.laughingplace.com/w/leg/?legacyasppage=w/News-ID210270.asp

Singer, G. (2004, April 2). Home Sweet Home. Animation World Network. https://www.awn.com/animationworld/home-sweet-home

Street, R. (2005, February 25). Mike Gabriel Talks Oscar Nominee Lorenzo. Animation Magazine. https://www.animationmagazine.net/2005/02/mike-gabriel-talks-oscar-nominee-lorenzo/

Turan, K. (2004, April 2). 'Range' takes off at a frenzied trot. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-02-et-kenny2-story.html

Wilmington, M. (2004). Movie review: 'Home on the Range'. Metromix. https://web.archive.org/web/20040409105739/http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/mmx-040402-movies-review-mw-homeontherange,0,723631.story?coll=mmx-movies_top_heds

Youseph, R. (2021, March 14). Interview with Roger Yuan. Kung-Fu Kingdom. https://kungfukingdom.com/interview-with-roger-yuan/#google_vignette

Episode Summary

Welcome to our family time! Erin and Rachel discuss Brother Bear (2003), another entry in the canon of Disney’s flop era. Despite disappointingly little effort on the part of the filmmakers to ensure cultural authenticity, Brother Bear manages to tell a sweet story with surprisingly little offensive content. 

Episode Bibliography

Alaska Travel Industry Association. (2024). Yup'ik and Cup'ik Culture in Alaska. Travel Alaska. https://www.travelalaska.com/Things-To-Do/Alaska-Native-Culture/Cultures/Yupik

Barton, K. (2020, October 5). How Inuit honour the tradition of naming, and spirits who have passed on. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/inuit-names-tradition-culture-history-1.5748892

Billboard Staff. (2003, October 8). Diverse Acts Interpret Collins For 'Brother Bear'. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/diverse-acts-interpret-collins-for-brother-bear-68741/

Billboard Staff. (2003, October 21). Collins, Turner Lead Disney Premiere. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/collins-turner-lead-disney-premiere-68553/

Billington, L. (2003, November 1). 'Brother Bear' mixes nature, Native culture. Anchorage Daily News. https://web.archive.org/web/20031103012857/http://www.adn.com/life/story/4298933p-4309027c.html

Blaise, A., & Walker, R. (Directors). (2003). Brother Bear [Film]. Walt Disney Pictures. 

d’Anglure, B. S. (2005). The ‘third gender’ of the Inuit. Diogenes, 52(4), 134-144. DOI: 10.1177/0392192105059478

Cassady, J. (2008). "Strange Things Happen to Non-Christian People": Human-Animal Transformation among the Iñupiat of Arctic Alaska. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 32(1). http://doi.org/10.17953

Cohn, A. (2003, October 27). Phil Collins Bearly Sings. TV Guide. https://www.tvguide.com/news/phil-collins-bearly-37211/

DisneyLivin. (2022, April 29). The Making of Brother Bear. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9UOlqZHrXg

Ebert, R. (2003, October 31). Brother Bear movie review & film summary (2003). Roger Ebert. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/brother-bear-2003

Eller, C., & Verrier, R. (2002, March 19). Disney Confirms Animation Cuts. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-mar-19-fi-disney19-story.html

Hill, J. (2012, September 4). Why For was Michael Clarke Duncan's Grizz character cut out of Disney's "Brother Bear"? Jim Hill Media. https://jimhillmedia.com/why-for-was-michael-clarke-duncans-grizz-character-cut-out-of-disneys-brother-bear/

Houston, J. (2006, February 7). Inuit Traditional Stories. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/inuit-myth-and-legend

Indigenous Languages of Alaska: Iñupiaq. (2021, November 1). National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/indigenous-languages-of-alaska-inupiaq.htm

Inuit languages. (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_languages

Jessen, T. (2003, October 24). Fraternal Obligation: Disney Revisits the Animal Picture with 'Brother Bear'. Animation World Network. https://www.awn.com/animationworld/fraternal-obligation-disney-revisits-animal-picture-brother-bear

Kjficarra. (2020, January 27). Brother Bear: Yet another example of the transformation trope. From Tonto to Thomas Builds-the-Fire: Native American Representation. https://nativeamericanmediarepresentation.wordpress.com/2020/01/27/brother-bear-yet-another-example-of-the-transformation-trope/

Laugrand, F., & Oosten, J. (2014). Hunters, Predators and Prey: Inuit Perceptions of Animals. Berghahn Books.

Languages - Iñupiaq | Alaska Native Language Center. (n.d.). University of Alaska Fairbanks. https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages-move/inupiaq.php

Leigh, D. (2009). Colonialism, gender and the family in North America: For a gendered analysis of Indigenous struggles. Studies in Ethnicity & Nationalism, 9(1), 70-88. DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9469.2009.01029.x

Luchini, C. (2023, December 15). Human-animal relationships of the Inuit shamanic perspectives on interdependence in the arctic. Medium. https://medium.com/@cristiano.luchini/human-animal-relationships-of-the-inuit-shamanic-perspectives-on-interdependence-in-the-arctic-8852c20781cd

Mattos, A. M. (2015). Third space: Narratives and the clash of identities in Disney’s Brother Bear. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 39, 1-11. 

McCarthy, T. (2003, October 19). Brother Bear. Variety. https://variety.com/2003/film/awards/brother-bear-1200538552/

McKeon, M. (2018, June 24). A Walt Disney Production: "Brother Bear". Medium. https://filmknife.medium.com/a-walt-disney-production-brother-bear-6d6f01c8f3d

Moore, R. (2003, October 23). Great Expectations. Orlando Sentinel. https://web.archive.org/web/20150707174308/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2003-10-23/news/0310220615_1_feature-animation-brother-bear-disney-animation

Ness, M. (2016, November 3). The End of an Animated Era: Disney's Brother Bear. Reactor. https://reactormag.com/brother-bear/

Oosten, J., Laugrand, F, & Remie, C. (2006). Perceptions of decline: Inuit shamanism in the Canadian arctic. Ethnohistory, 53(3), 445-477. DOI: 10.1215/00141801-2006-001

Production Notes - Brother Bear. (2010). Cinema Review. https://web.archive.org/web/20101121085935/http://cinemareview.com/production.asp?prodid=2249

Puig, C. (2003, October 23). 'Brother Bear': Warm, fuzzy fun. USA Today. https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2003-10-23-brother-bear-review_x.htm

Serena, K. (2023, March 26). Timothy Treadwell: The 'Grizzly Man' Eaten Alive By Bears. All That's Interesting. https://allthatsinteresting.com/timothy-treadwell

SoundlessFOB. (2020, February 6). Do you find the movie Brother Bear offensive? : r/NativeAmerican. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/NativeAmerican/comments/ezp14f/do_you_find_the_movie_brother_bear_offensive/

Themes in Inuit Art: Transformation. (n.d.). Feheley Fine Arts. https://feheleyfinearts.com/themes-in-inuit-art-transformation/

Turan, K. (2003, October 25). Old school 'Brother Bear'. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-oct-25-et-turan25-story.html

Wells, P. (2008). The animated bestiary: Animals, cartoons, and culture. Rutgers University Press. 

We Speak Inuktut. (n.d.). Government of Nunavut. https://www.gov.nu.ca/en/culture-language-heritage-and-art/we-speak-inuktut

Whitley, D. (2012). The idea of nature in Disney animation: From Snow White to WALL-E. Taylor & Francis Group. 

Williamson, K. J. (2024, March 5). Inuit. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inuit-people

Episode Summary

Erin and Rachel dive into a discussion of Finding Nemo (2003), the box office splash that enthralled audiences and critics alike. This movie about fish offers a surprising amount to wade through in terms of environmentalism, gender politics, and ableism. 

Episode Bibliography

Al-Jbouri, E., & Pomerantz, S. (2020). A new kind of monster, cowboy, and crusader? Gender hegemony and flows of masculinities in Pixar animated films. Boyhood Studies, 13(1), 43-63. doi: 10.3167/bhs.2020.130104

Arthur, C. (2004, July 1). 'Finding Nemo' pets harm ocean ecology. The Independent. https://web.archive.org/web/20080601023112/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/finding-nemo-pets-harm-ocean-ecology-565398.html

Åstrӧm, B.  (2017). Marginalizing motherhood: Postfeminist fathers and dead mothers in animated film. In B. Åstrӧm (Ed.), The Absent Mother in the Cultural Imagination (pp. 41-258). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49037-3_15

Axelrod, J. (2015, July 18). "Finding Nemo" aims to help Navajo language stay afloat. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/finding-nemo-aims-to-help-navajo-language-stay-afloat/

Beck, B. (2004). The sea around us: Social climbing in Seabiscuit, Whale Rider, and Finding Nemo. Multicultural Perspectives, 6(2), 24-27. doi: 10.1207/s15327892mcp0602_5

Brooks, D. (2021, November 24). “It Shattered the World's Perception”: The Story of the Navajo-Language Dub of Star Wars: A New Hope. StarWars.com. https://www.starwars.com/news/navajo-language-star-wars-a-new-hope

Bruckner, L.D. (2010). Bambi and Finding Nemo: A sense of wonder in the wonderful world of Disney?. In P. Willoquet-Maricondi (Ed.). Framing the World: Explorations in Ecocriticism and Film (pp. 187-205). University of Virginia Press.

Brydon, S.G. (2009). Men at the heart of mothering: Finding mother in Finding Nemo. Journal of Gender Studies, 18(2), 131-146. doi: 10.1080/09589230902812448

Caro, M. (2003). Movie review: 'Finding Nemo'. Metromix. https://web.archive.org/web/20040217220604/http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/mmx-030529movies-reviewmc-findingnemo.story

Corcoran, M. (2004, November 9). Vanuatu - Saving Nemo. ABC. https://web.archive.org/web/20051219171041/http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2004/s1239666.htm

Deitchman, B. (2016, December 16). Making Movie Magic in Any Language. D23. https://d23.com/making-movie-magic-in-any-language/

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