Deconstructing Disney

Episode Summary

In pursuit of another Oscar-worthy animated feature, Disney chose a culturally significant protagonist and pumped up the romance for Pocahontas (1995).  Unsurprisingly, good intentions didn’t prevent a group of white men from creating a hugely problematic film, rife with gross historical inaccuracies, racism, and misogyny! Pocahontas underperformed at the box office, and the only Oscar went to Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz for best original song.

Episode Bibliography

Aleiss, A. (1995, June 24). Maidens of Hollywood: Pocahontas is the pure expression of filmmakers’ fantasies about Indian women. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-06-24-me-16519-story.html

Allen, B. (2013). Female leadership in Powhatan Indian tribes: Changes from first contact with the Europeans to the present day [Poster presentation]. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=uresposters

Bodenner, C. (2015, June 30). Does Disney’s Pocahontas do more harm than good? Your thoughts. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/06/pocahontas-feminism/397190/

Bradley, D. (1995, June 23). Disney gives Pocahontas sexiest cartoon image ever. The Free Lance-Star, 26.

Červinka, P. (2015, April 21). The making of Pocahontas — A legend comes to life. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJApIC4BIhM

Chief Roy Crazy Horse. (n.d.). The Pocahontas Myth. Powhatan.org. Retrieved June 15, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20131024050146/http://powhatan.org/pocc.html

Chief Seattle Speech – The Suquamish Tribe. (n.d.). The Suquamish Tribe. https://suquamish.nsn.us/home/about-us/chief-seattle-speech/

Cochran, J. (1995, June 16). Pocahontas needed an ethnic look. Entertainment Weekly. https://ew.com/article/1995/06/16/pocahontas-needed-ethnic-look/

Custalow, L. L., & Daniel, A.L. (2016). The true story of Pocahontas: The other side of history. Fulcrum Publishing. 

Disney Magazine: Cast and Crew Interviews. (1995, July 31). The Waterfalls: A Pocahontas site. Retrieved June 19, 2022, from https://cbl.orcein.net/pocahontas/misc/interviews.htm

Dundes, L. (2001). Disney’s modern heroine Pocahontas: Revealing age-old gender stereotypes and role discontinuity under a facade of liberation. The Social Science Journal, 38, 353-365. 

Dutka, E. (1995, June 11). The Angriest Actor: Native American activist Russell Means focused his fierce will at Wounded Knee. Can a revolutionary co-exist with 'Pocahontas'? Los Angeles Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095505/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-06-11/entertainment/ca-11761_1_native-american

Ebert, R. (1995, June 16). Pocahontas movie review & film summary (1995). RogerEbert.com. Retrieved June 15, 2022, from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/pocahontas-1995

Ebert, R., & Siskel, G. (2019, January 6). Congo, The Glass Shield, Pocahontas, Fluke, 1995 – Siskel and Ebert Movie Reviews. Siskel and Ebert Movie Reviews. Retrieved June 15, 2022, from https://siskelebert.org/?p=3485

Edgerton, G., & Jackson, K. M. (1996). Redesigning Pocahontas: Disney, the “White Man's Indian,” and the Marketing of Dreams. Journal of Popular Film & Television, 24(2). doi: 10.1080/01956051.1996.9943718

Gilbert, S. (2015, June 23). Revisiting 'Pocahontas' at 20. The Atlantic. Retrieved June 11, 2022, from https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/06/revisiting-pocahontas/396626/

Gleiberman, O. (1995, June 16). Pocahontas. Entertainment Weekly. https://ew.com/article/1995/06/16/pocahontas-4/

Goldberg, E., & Gabriel, M. (1995). Pocahontas [Film]. Walt Disney Pictures. 

Green, R. (1975). The Pocahontas perplex: The image of Indian women in American culture. The Massachusetts Review, 16(4), 698-714. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25088595

Kempley, R. (1995, June 23). 'Pocahontas': A hit or myth proposition. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/pocahontas.htm#kempley

Kutsuzawa, K. (2000). Disney's Pocahontas: Reproduction of gender, Orientalism, and the strategic construction of racial harmony in the Disney empire. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 6(4), 39-65. doi: 10.1080/12259276.2000.11665893

Mallory, M. (2012, February 23). Pocahontas and The Mouse's Gong Show. Animation Magazine. https://www.animationmagazine.net/top-stories/pocahontas-and-the-mouses-gong-show/

Ness, M. (2016, February 18). The uneasy mix of prestige and a cute raccoon: Disney's Pocahontas. Tor.com. https://www.tor.com/2016/02/18/the-uneasy-mix-of-prestige-and-a-cute-raccoon-disneys-pocahontas/

Ono, K. A., & Buescher, D. T. (2001). Deciphering Pocahontas: Unpackaging the commodification of a Native American woman. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 18(1), 23-43. doi: 10.1080/15295030109367122

Pewewardy, C. (1996). The Pocahontas paradox: A cautionary tale for educators. Journal of Navajo Education, (Fall/Winter). http://www.hanksville.org/storytellers/pewe/writing/Pocahontas.html

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Rickey, C. (1995, June 11). Disney takes over N.y. park for premiere of 'Pocahontas' to Many, the four-screen event was woodstock for the family. philly.com. Retrieved June 15, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20140728162302/http://articles.philly.com/1995-06-11/news/25692966_1_disney-standards-pocahontas-central-park-conservancy

Rickey, C. (1995, June 18). Disney's 'Pocahontas': Is it fact or fiction? What did she wear? Did she style her hair? Were she and John Smith a pair? philly.com. Retrieved June 11, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20150626153346/http://articles.philly.com/1995-06-18/entertainment/25692271_1_pocahontas-irene-bedard-powhatan-confederacy

Rountree, H.C. (1998).  Powhatan Indian women: The people Captain John Smith barely saw. Ethnohistory, 45(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.2307/483170

Rountree, H. (2020, December 7). Marriage in Early Virginia Indian Society – Encyclopedia Virginia. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/marriage-in-early-virginia-indian-society/

Sito, T. (1996). Fight to the death, but don’t hurt anybody! Memories of political correctness. Animation World Network. https://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.7/articles/sito1.7.html

Smith, J. (1624/1907). Generall historie of Virginia, New England & the Summer Isles: Together with the true travels, adventures and observations, and a sea grammar. Macmillan.

Stack, P. (1995, June 18). Disney's new animated feature / Meryl who? Pocahontas has summer's steamiest romance. SFGATE. Retrieved June 11, 2022, from https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Disney-s-new-animated-feature-Meryl-Who-3030920.php

Steed, K. (2014, October 7). Interview with Glen Keane, Disney veteran and legendary animation artist (Part 1). Skwigly. Retrieved June 19, 2022, from https://www.skwigly.co.uk/glen-keane-interview/

Sterbenz, C. (2014, April 5). The real story of Pocahontas is much darker than the Disney movie. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/the-real-story-of-pocahontas-2014-4

Strong, P. T. (1995, June 30). Review of Pocahontas [Blog post]. Popular Culture and American Culture Associations/H-Net Discussion List.

Ziebarth, C. (2005, December 19). A conversation with Eric Goldberg. Animated Views. https://animatedviews.com/2005/a-conversation-with-eric-goldberg-2/

Thanks to Katie Seelen for her research assistance. 

Episode Summary

Another critical and commercial success of the Disney Renaissance, The Lion King (1994) was a beast at the box office and on home video. It was also the first animated Disney animated film set in Africa. Despite (relatively) diverse casting and the incorporation of authentic African music, there's still plenty of racism to discuss, with some homophobia and questionable political commentary thrown in! 

Episode Bibliography

BBC NEWS | Entertainment | Disney settles Lion song dispute. (2006, February 16). BBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4721564.stm

Bradley, B. (2015, January 27). Was 'The Lion King' Copied From A Japanese Cartoon? Here's The Real Story. HuffPost. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/lion-king-kimba_n_6272316

Carter Jackson, K. (2019, July 17). The true story behind ‘The Lion King.’ The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/07/17/true-story-behind-lion-king/

Červinka, P. (2015, April 24). The Making of The Lion King. YouTube. Retrieved May 21, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFL5xbxc0AY

Daly, S. (1994, July 8). Mane Attraction. Entertainment Weekly, (230). https://web.archive.org/web/20140904092026/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,302837,00.html

Deneroff, H., & Ladd, F. (2009). Footnote to History: Kimba versus Simba - The Uproar. In Astro Boy and Anime Come to the Americas: An Insider's View of the Birth of a Pop Culture Phenomenon (pp. 62-64). McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers.

Denham, H. (2019, July 26). Lion King: There's a 25-year-old intellectual property dispute surrounding the Disney film. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/07/26/lion-king-has-been-clouded-by-intellectual-property-controversy-years-heres-story-behind-it/

Ebert, R. (1994, June 24). The Lion King movie review & film summary (1994). Roger Ebert. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-lion-king-1994

Elahi, B. (2001). Pride Lands: The Lion King, Proposition 187, and White Resentment. Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, 57(3), 121-152. doi: 0.1353/arq.2001.0001

Fallon, K. (2014, June 24). 'The Lion King' Turns 20: Every Crazy, Weird Fact About the Disney Classic. The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-lion-king-turns-20-every-crazy-weird-fact-about-the-disney-classic

Gavin, R.  (1996). "The Lion King" and "Hamlet": A homecoming for the exiled child. The Universe of Literature, 85(3), 55-57. 

Giddings, S. (1999). The circle of life: Nature and representation in Disney's The Lion King. Third Text, 49, 83-92. doi: 10.1080/09528829908576825

Giles Coren, G. (1994, July 20). Disney's Heart of Darkness. The Times, 12.

Gooding-Williams, R.  (1995). Disney in Africa and the inner city: On race and space in The Lion King. Social Identities, 1(2).

Hahn, D. (Director). (2011). The Lion King A Memoir Don Hahn [Film]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoaPT4ijS-U

Hinson, H. (1994, June 24). WashingtonPost.com: 'The Lion King'. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/review96/lionkinghin.htm

Japanese animator protests 'Lion King'. (1994, August 18). UPI.com. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/08/18/Japanese-animator-protests-Lion-King/4250777182400/

Klass, P. (1994, June 19). A ‘Bambi’ for the 90's, via Shakespeare. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/19/movies/film-view-a-bambi-for-the-90-s-via-shakespeare.html

Kelts, R. (2007). Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the U.S. St. Martin's Publishing Group.

King, S. (2011, September 15). A 'Lion's' Tale. Los Angeles Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20111024102445/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/15/entertainment/la-et-lion-king-20110915

Knolle, S. (2014, June 14). 'The Lion King': 20 Things You Didn't Know About the Disney Classic. Moviefone. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20140617142313/http://news.moviefone.com/2014/06/14/lion-king-facts/

Kring, J. (2019, July 19). How the Original 'Lion King' Came to Life. The Ringer. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from https://www.theringer.com/movies/2019/7/19/20699678/the-lion-king-original-animation-1994

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Maslin, J. (1994, June 15). Review/Film; The Hero Within The Child Within. The New York Times. Retrieved May 25, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/15/movies/review-film-the-hero-within-the-child-within.html

Masters, K. (2014, April 9). The Epic Disney Blow-Up of 1994: Eisner, Katzenberg and Ovitz 20 Years Later. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/epic-disney-blow-up-1994-694476/

Mikkelson, D. (1996, December 31). Is the Word 'Sex' Hidden in 'The Lion King'? Snopes.com. Retrieved May 16, 2022, from https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-lion-king/

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TLKCoL. (2017, March 24). Pride of The Lion King | Behind the Scenes Documentary (Making of). YouTube. Retrieved May 21, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLD2gZhmoU

Visram, T. (2019, July 19). Disney replaced the first Lion King's racist hyenas. Fast Company. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from https://www.fastcompany.com/90379067/critics-said-the-first-lion-kings-hyenas-were-problematic-disney-revamped-them

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Willman, C. (1994, May 15). SUMMER SNEAKS '94 : You Can't Hide His Lion Eyes : It's no coincidence that Disney's latest jungle villain bears a wicked resemblance to Jeremy Irons; just ask the animator. Los Angeles Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20141109000340/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-05-15/entertainment/ca-57883_1_jeremy-irons

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Thanks to Katie Seelen for her research assistance. 

Episode Summary

Erin and Rachel travel to the (problematically) imaginary land of Agrabah to discuss Aladdin (1992), debating whether this film can overcome its staggering orientalism to be the diamond in the rough we’d all like it to be. Highlights include Robin Williams, Howard Ashman, and Ottoman Empire fashion. 

Episode Bibliography

Addison, E. (1993). Saving other women from other men: Disney’s Aladdin. Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies, 11(31), 4–25.

Aladdin. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin

Aladdin (1992 Disney film). (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)

Ant, C. (2015, October 23). The Definitive Guide to Aladdin's Genie Impressions. Laser Time. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from http://www.lasertimepodcast.com/2015/10/23/the-definitive-guide-to-aladdins-genie-impressions/

Artz, L. (2004). The righteousness of self-centered royals: The world according to Disney animation. Critical Arts, 18(1), 116-146. doi: 10.1080/02560240485310071

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Bowen, S. (2017, November 13). Yes, Aladdin is still racist. Refinery29. https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2017/11/180902/aladdin-racist-disney-movie

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Daly, S. (1992, December 4). Disney's Got a Brand-New Baghdad. EW.com. Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20121019090423/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562,00.html

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Davis, A. M. (2014). Handsome heroes and vile villains: Men in Disney’s feature animation. John Libbey & Company, Limited. 

Dudley, S. (2018, March 9). A Diamond in the Rough: The Making of Aladdin (Full Documentary). YouTube. Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afqrFqn7PJg

Ebert, R. (1992, November 25). Aladdin movie review & film summary (1992). Roger Ebert. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/aladdin-1992

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Fox, D. J. (1993, April 21). 'Aladdin' Becomes a $200-Million Genie for Disney : Movies: Studio's all-time top-grosser is the first animated feature to reach the box office milestone. And in its 23rd week of release, there still is no end in sight. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-04-21-ca-25327-story.html

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Wingfield, M., & Karaman, B. (1995, March). Arab Stereotypes and American Educators. ADC.org. Retrieved April 12, 2022, from https://www.adc.org/arab-stereotypes-and-american-educators/

Yelenosky, J. (2016, April 15). Aladdin Informed Persuasion. faithrhetoric1030006. Retrieved April 12, 2022, from https://faithrhetoric1030006.wordpress.com/2016/04/15/aladdin-informed-persuasion/

Ziebarth, C. (2005, April 23). Aladdin: Crew Reunion – Animated Views. Animated Views. Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://animatedviews.com/2005/aladdin-crew-reunion/

Episode Summary

A smashing success at the box office and awards shows, Beauty and the Beast (1991) confirmed that the Disney Renaissance had indeed arrived.  Despite its technical and narrative achievements, this film garnered heavy criticism from the feminists it sought to appease with a spunky heroine. Erin and Rachel discuss how Belle and her suitors reinforce that gendered violence is a tale as old as time. Oh, and also, is everyone gay?

Episode Bibliography

An American Tail: Fievel Goes West. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved February 5, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Tail:_Fievel_Goes_West

Banks, M. (2021). De Beaumont’s Beauty and the Beast: A feminist analysis. Journal of Literary Criticism, Comparative Linguistics and Literary Studies, 42(1), 

Beauty and the Beast (1946 film). (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1946_film)

Beauty and the Beast (1991 film). (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)

Beauty and the Beast Movie Channel. (2018, October 19). The Making of Beauty and the Beast. YouTube. Retrieved February 5, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9SAisRqUW0

Beres, L. (1999). Beauty and the Beast: The romanticization of abuse in popular culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 2(2), 191-207.

Brode, D. (2006). Multiculturalism and the mouse: Race and sex in Disney entertainment. University of Texas Press. 

Coates, L., Bonnah, S., & Richardson, C. (2019). Beauty and the Beast: Misrepresentation and social responses in fairy-tale romance and redemption. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 10(1), 119-136. DOI: 10.18357/ijcyfs101201918809

Cocteau, J. (Director). (1946). La belle et la bête [Film]. DisCina. 

Cummins, J. (1995). Romancing the plot: The real beast of Disney's Beauty and the Beast. Children's Literature Association Quarterly, 20(1), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1353/chq.0.0872

Davis, A. M. (2014). Handsome heroes and vile villains: Men in Disney’s feature animation. John Libbey & Company, Limited. 

Downey, S. D. (1996). Feminine empowerment in Disney’s Beauty and the Beast. Women’s Studies in Communication, 19(2), 185–212.

Ebert, R. (1991, November 22). Beauty And The Beast movie review (1991). Roger Ebert. Retrieved January 28, 2022, from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/beauty-and-the-beast-1991

Failes, I. (2021, November 15). 30 Years Ago: The CG Secrets of the Ballroom Sequence in 'Beauty and the Beast'. Cartoon Brew. Retrieved February 5, 2022, from https://www.cartoonbrew.com/feature-film/30-years-ago-cg-secrets-ballroom-sequence-beauty-beast-145174.html

Griswold, J. (2004). The meanings of “Beauty & the Beast”: A handbook. Broadview Press.

Hahn, D., Schneider, P., Pacheco, P., & Bacon, C. (Directors). (2010). Waking Sleeping Beauty [Film; Disney+]. Buena Vista Home Entertainment.

Hayes, M., & King, B. (2017, February 5). 5 Things You May Not Know About "Beauty And The Beast". The Odyssey Online. Retrieved February 2, 2022, from https://www.theodysseyonline.com/5-things-about-beauty-beast

Heatwole, A. (2016). Disney girlhood: Princess generations and Once Upon a Time. Studies in the Humanities, 43(1). 

Hinson, H. (1991, November 22). 'Beauty and the Beast'. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 28, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/beautyandthebeastghinson_a0a71b.htm

Jeffords, S. (1995). The curse of masculinity: Disney’s Beauty and the Beast. In Bell, E., Haas, L., & Sells, L. (Eds.), Mouse to Mermaid: The Politics of Film, Gender, and Culture (pp. 161-173). Indiana University Press.

Logan, M. H. (2018). Stockholm Syndrome: Held hostage by the one you love. Violence and Gender, 5(2), 67-69. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0076

Maas, M. K., & Bonomi, A. E. (2021). Love hurts? Identifying abuse in the virgin-beast trope of popular romantic fiction. Journal of Family Violence, 36, 511-522. 

Magnus, L. (2017), Beauty and the Beast – All four versions. Lulu Press, Inc.

MWH1980. (2016, December 6). Audio Commentary Commentation: Beauty and the Beast (1991) | The Entertainment Nut. The Entertainment Nut. Retrieved February 2, 2022, from https://theentertainmentnut.wordpress.com/2016/12/06/audio-commentary-commentation-beauty-and-the-beast-1991/

Ness, M. (2016, January 14). A Return to the Glory Days: Disney's Beauty and the Beast. Tor.com. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https://www.tor.com/2016/01/14/a-return-to-the-glory-days-disneys-beauty-and-the-beast/

Olson, K. M. (2013). An epideictic dimension of symbolic violence in Disney's Beauty and the Beast: Inter-generational lessons in romanticizing and tolerating intimate partner violence. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 99(4), 448-480, DOI: 10.1080/00335630.2013.835491 

Schwartz, D. (2017, March 24). How 'Beauty and the Beast' Became a Heartbreaking Metaphor for AIDS. Observer. Retrieved February 5, 2022, from https://observer.com/2017/03/beauty-and-the-beast-metaphor-aids-howard-ashman/

Smith, K. E. (2018). ‘It’s a Pity and a Sin’: Images of Disability, Trauma and Subverted Power in Disney’s Beauty and the Beast. Word and Text: A Journal of Literary Studies and Linguistics, 8, 111-128.

Steeves, H. P. (2005). Yep, Gaston's gay: Disney and the beauty of beastly love. Popular Culture Review, 16(1), 125-145. 

Sumera, L. (2008). The mask of beauty: Masquerade theory and Disney's Beauty and the Beast. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 26(1), 40-46. DOI: 10.1080/10509200600701156

Swan, S. S. (1999). Gothic drama in Disney's Beauty and the Beast: Subverting traditional romance by transcending the animal‐human paradox. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 16(3), 350-369. DOI: 10.1080/15295039909367100

Trousdale, G., & Wise, K.. (Directors). (1991). Beauty and the Beast [Film]. Walt Disney Pictures.

Walker, L. E. (1979) The Battered Woman. Harper and Row.

Warner, M. (1995).  From the beast to the blonde: On fairy tales and their tellers. Vintage.

Episode Summary

Travel to Australia with Erin and Rachel, where they’ll dissect The Rescuers Down Under (1990), a film full of native flora and fauna, but absolutely no native people. This box office flop was created using the Computer Animation Production System (CAPS), but it’s impressive animated sequences couldn’t redeem the irregular pacing and lackluster characters. 

Episode Bibliography

Computer Animation Production System. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved January 4, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Animation_Production_System

Bandura, A. (1994). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant, & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 61–90). Lawrence Erlbaum.

Barry, C. (2011, August 16). Australia’s wildlife blackmarket trade. Australian Geographic. https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/wildlife/2011/08/australias-wildlife-blackmarket-trade/

Davis, A. M. (2014). Handsome heroes and vile villains: Men in Disney's feature animation. John Libbey & Company.

Ebert, R. (1990, November 16). The Rescuers Down Under movie review (1990). Roger Ebert. Retrieved January 4, 2022, from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-rescuers-down-under-1990

Gabriel, M. (Director). (1990). The rescuers down under [Film]. Walt Disney Animation Studios.

A Guide to Using Respectful and Inclusive Language and Terminology. (n.d.). Narragunnawali. Retrieved January 6, 2022, from https://www.narragunnawali.org.au/about/terminology-guide

Harrison, M. (2019, November 20). The Rescuers Down Under: The Disney Renaissance's Lost Film. Den of Geek. Retrieved January 4, 2022, from https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/the-rescuers-down-under-disney-renaissance-lost-film/

Hinman, C. (1990, November 19). DISNEY DIPS INTO LOCAL INKWELL FLORIDA ANIMATION TEAM LENDS HAND TO 'RESCUERS' 'RESCUERS'. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved January 4, 2022, from https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1990-11-19-9011180479-story.html

Hubka, D., Hovdestad, W., & Tonmyr, L. (2009). Child maltreatment in Disney animated feature films: 1937-2006. The Social Science Journal, 46(3), 427-441. DOI: 10.1016/j.soscij.2009.03.001

Korff, J. (2021, November 29). What is the correct term for Aboriginal people? Creative Spirits. Retrieved January 6, 2022, from https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/people/how-to-name-aboriginal-people

MovieMation. (2017, November 30). What was Pixar's CAPS project? YouTube. Retrieved January 3, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuhH5Is_Hq8

Murphy, P. D. (1995). "The whole wide world was scrubbed clean": The androcentric animation of denatured Disney.  In E. Bell, L. Haas, & L. Sells (Eds.). From mouse to mermaid: The politics of film, gender, and culture (pp. 125-136). Indiana University Press. 

Ness, M. (2015, December 17). The Arrival of Computer Animation: The Rescuers Down Under. Tor.com. Retrieved January 3, 2022, from https://www.tor.com/2015/12/17/the-arrival-of-computer-animation-the-rescuers-down-under/

The Rescuers Down Under. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved January 3, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under

The Rescuers Down Under | Disney Wiki | Fandom. (n.d.). Disney Wiki. Retrieved January 7, 2022, from https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under

Siskel, G. (1990, November 16). 'Rocky V' A Satisfying End to a Movie Nice Guy. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 4, 2022, from https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-11-16-9004050102-story.html

Tanner, L. R., Haddock, S. A., Zimmerman, T. S., & Lund, L. K. (2003) Images of couples and families in Disney feature-length animated films. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 31(5), 355-373. DOI: 10.1080/01926180390223987

Taylor, D. (2020, December 16). 'The Rescuers Down Under': The Untold Story of How the Sequel Changed Disney Forever. Collider. Retrieved January 3, 2022, from https://collider.com/disney-rescuers-down-under-history-explained/

TeridaxXD001. (2021, October 5). CAPS (Computer Animation Production System) | Anime Superhero Forum. Anime Superhero News. Retrieved January 3, 2022, from https://animesuperhero.com/forums/threads/caps-computer-animation-production-system.5792136/

Towbin, M. A., Haddock, S. A., Zimmerman, T. S., Lund, L. K., & Tanner, L. R. (2004). Images of gender, race, age, and sexual orientation in Disney feature-length animated films. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 15(4), 19-44. DOI: 10.1300/J086v15n04_02

Winston, T. P. (2010). A critique of the environmental savior trope in wildlife film (Unpublished master's thesis). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. Retrieved from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/2559/WinstonT0510.pdf

Episode Summary

Join Erin and Rachel under the sea for the first princess film in 30 years! The Little Mermaid (1989) marked the beginning of the Disney Renaissance, a period of renewed investment in animation at the Disney Corporation. With musical numbers from Broadway dynamos Howard Ashman and Alan Menken, the film smashed the box office, but did Princess Ariel smash the patriarchy?

Episode Bibliography

Andersen, H.C. (1836). The little mermaid. Retrieved December 21, 2021 from http://hca.gilead.org.il/li_merma.html

Barnd, N. B. (2013). White man's best friend: Race and privilege in Oliver and Company. In J. Cheu (Ed.), Diversity in Disney films: Critical essays on race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality and disability (pp. 67-82). McFarland.

Bell, E. (1995). Somatexts at the Disney shop: Constructing pentimentos of women’s animated bodies. In E. Bell, L. Haas, & L. Sells (Eds.). From mouse to mermaid: The politics of film, gender, and culture (pp. 107-124). Indiana University Press. 

Clements, R., & Musker, J. (Directors). (1989). The Little Mermaid [Film]. Walt Disney Pictures.

Cohen, C. (2013, September 24). Interview with Actor Samuel E. Wright: Little Mermaid, The Lion King, Dinosaur and more. YouTube. Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y06cu-PCI_A

Davis, A. M. (2007). Good girls and wicked witches: Women in Disney's feature animation. John Libbey & Company.

Ebert, R. (1989, November 17). The Little Mermaid. RogerEbert.com. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-little-mermaid-1989

Hahn, D. (Director). (2010). Waking Sleeping Beauty [Film; Disney+]. Buena Vista Home Entertainment.

Howard Ashman. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 14, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Ashman

The Little Mermaid (1989 Film). (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)#cite_ref-WDFAtimeline_21-2

MacKisack, M. (2021, June 26). How Disney artist Glen Keane draws when he has aphantasia. Fast Company. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://www.fastcompany.com/90649913/the-unusual-creative-process-of-the-artist-behind-the-little-mermaid-and-beauty-and-the-beast

Making The Little Mermaid. (2020). 80s Movies Rewind. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://www.fast-rewind.com/making_littlemermaid.htm

Maslin, J. (1989, November 15). Review/Film; Andersen's 'Mermaid,' by Way of Disney. The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/15/movies/review-film-andersen-s-mermaid-by-way-of-disney.html

McIntosh, N. (2018, July 17). The Making of the Little Mermaid 1989 - Treasures Untold - Retro N8. YouTube. Retrieved November 14, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XdMMg6OSn1Q

Mikkelson, D. (1996, August 2). Does the Minister in ‘Little Mermaid’ Get an Erection? Snopes. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-aroused-minister/

Mikkelson, D. (1998, November 30). Was a Phallus Purposely Added to the Artwork for ‘The Little Mermaid’ VHS Cover? Snopes. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/phallus-purposely-added-artwork-little-mermaid-vhs-cover/

Murphy, P. D. (1995). "The whole wide world was scrubbed clean": The androcentric animation of denatured Disney.  In E. Bell, L. Haas, & L. Sells (Eds.). From mouse to mermaid: The politics of film, gender, and culture (pp. 125-136). Indiana University Press. 

Ness, M. (2015, December 10). Disney's Renaissance: The Little Mermaid. Tor.com. Retrieved November 14, 2021, from https://www.tor.com/2015/12/10/disneys-renaissance-the-little-mermaid/

Neuwirth, A. (2003). Makin' Toons: Inside the Most Popular Animated TV Shows and Movies. Allworth Press. https://archive.org/details/makintoonsinside0000neuw/page/46/mode/2up

Original Walt Disney Storyboard Drawing From The Little Mermaid featuring Ariel and the Shark. (n.d.). Animation Sensations. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://www.animationsensations.com/original-disney-production-drawing-ariel-wdpclm06-4

Sells, L. (1995). "Where do the mermaids stand?" Voice and body in The Little Mermaid. In E. Bell, L. Haas, & L. Sells (Eds.). From mouse to mermaid: The politics of film, gender, and culture (pp. 175-192). Indiana University Press. 

Siskel, G. (1989, November 17). 'Steel Magnolias' Uneven Version of Popular Play. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-11-17-8903100378-story.html

Tattoli, C. (2014, May 2). Disney's animated zombies: How classic stories are lost in reinvention. Salon. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://www.salon.com/2014/05/02/disneys_animated_zombies_how_classic_stories_are_lost_in_reinvention/

Trites, R. (1991). Disney's sub/version of The Little Mermaid. Journal of Popular Television and Film, 18(4), 14-5-59.

Variety Staff. (1988, December 31). The Little Mermaid. Variety. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://variety.com/1988/film/reviews/the-little-mermaid-1200427784/

Wright, S. (2018, September 19). Disney's Fascination with The Little Mermaid. WDW Info. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://www.wdwinfo.com/disneylandcalifornia/disneys-fascination-with-the-little-mermaid/

Episode Summary

Once upon a time in New York City, a movie about dogs brought up a lot of questions about class, race, and gender. Erin revisits one of her favorite childhood films in this episode about Oliver & Company (1988), while Rachel remains steadfast in her stance that the lone kitten is the only good part. 

Episode Bibliography

Abramovitz, M., & Hopkins, T. (1983). Reaganomics and the welfare state. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 10(4), 563-578. 

Bailey, B. (2017). Greetings and compliments or street harassment? Competing evaluations of street remarks in a recorded collection. Discourse & Society, 28(4), 353-373

Barnd, N. B. (2013). White Man's Best Friend: Race and Privilege in Oliver and Company. In Diversity in Disney Films: Critical Essays on Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality and Disability (pp. 67-82). McFarland, Inc. 

Biography.com Editors. (2020, March 4). Charles Dickens Biography. Biography.  https://www.biography.com/writer/charles-dickens

Fleming, P.C. (2016). Dickens, Disney, Oliver, and Company: Adaptation in a corporate media age. Children's Literature Association Quarterly 41(2), 182-198. doi:10.1353/chq.2016.0025.

John, C. (1988, November 13). FILM; 'Oliver & Company' Gives Dickens A Disney Twist urban scene from an appropriate rooftop. New York Times, 22.

Lohnes, K. (2020, May 5). Oliver Twist. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oliver-Twist-novel-by-Dickens

Ness, M. (2015, November 19). Production Changes: Disney’s Oliver and Company. Tor.com. Retrieved October 21, 2021, from https://www.tor.com/2015/11/19/production-changes-disneys-oliver-and-company/

Noyer, J. (2009, February 2). Once Upon A Time In New York City: Oliver & Company’s Composer J.A.C. Redford! Animated Views. Retrieved October 10, 2021, from https://animatedviews.com/2009/oliver-co-composer-jac-redford/

Noyer, J. (2009, February 3). Once Upon A Time In New York City: Oliver & Company’s Director George Scribner! Animated Views. Retrieved October 10, 2021, from https://animatedviews.com/2009/once-upon-a-time-in-new-york-city-oliver-companys-director-george-scribner/

Oliver & Company. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved October 10, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company

Oliver & Company. (n.d.). IMDb. Retrieved October 21, 2021, from https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0095776/?ref_=m_ttfc_tt

The Opportunity Agenda. (2021). Narrative shift: From the War on Poverty to “ending welfare as we know it.” The Opportunity Agenda. https://www.opportunityagenda.org/shifting-narrative/narrative-shift-war-poverty

Peterson, W.C. (1988). The macroeconomic legacy of Reaganomics. Journal of Economic Issues, 22(1), 1-16. 

Schettino, F., & Khan, H.A. (2020). Income polarization in the USA: What happened to the middle class in the last few decades? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 53, 149-161.

Scribner, G. (Director). (1988). Oliver & Company [Film]. Walt Disney Feature Animation.

Vera-Gray, F. (2016). Men’s stranger intrusions: Rethinking street harassment. Women’s Studies International Forum, 58(September-October), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.04.001

Wegner, R., Antonia, A., Pierce, J., Pegram, S.E., & Woerner, J. (2015). Sexual assault perpetrators’ justifications for their actions: Relationships to rape supportive attitudes, incident characteristics, and future perpetration. Violence Against Women, 21(8), 1018-1037. doi: 10.1177/1077801215589380

Episode Summary

Thanks to its impressive technological innovation and astounding attention to detail, Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) achieved commercial and critical success under the Touchstone Pictures film label. Erin and Rachel debate whether the clever script and filmmaking can adequately compensate for offensive content. Importantly, they also consider whether Jessica Rabbit is actually bad, or just drawn that way. 

Episode Bibliography

Arbeiter, M. (2018, June 21). 15 Things You Might Not Know About Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Mental Floss. Retrieved September 14, 2021, from https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/62910/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit

Corliss, R. (1988, June 27). Cinema: Creatures of A Subhuman Species Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Time. http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,967766-1,00.html

Dirks, T. (1996). Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988). Filmsite. Retrieved September 14, 2021, from https://www.filmsite.org/whof.html

Ebert, R. (1988, June 22). Who Framed Roger Rabbit. RogerEbert.com. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/who-framed-roger-rabbit-1988

Howe, D. (1988, June 24). 'Who Framed Roger Rabbit?' (PG). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/whoframedrogerrabbitpghowe_a0b16f.htm

jpo. (2016, November 13). Siskel & Ebert - Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988). YouTube. Retrieved September 14, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Bwyuw7igyk

Lassek, W.D., & Gaulin, S.J.C. (2016). What makes Jessica Rabbit sexy? Contrasting roles of waist and hip size. Evolutionary Psychology, 14(2), https://doi-org.wv-o-ursus-proxy01.ursus.maine.edu/10.1177/1474704916643459

Loughrey, C. (2018, June 22). Who Framed Roger Rabbit? at 30: The feminist appeal of Jessica Rabbit. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/who-framed-roger-rabbit-30th-anniversary-jessica-feminism-appeal-a8411501.html

Siskel, G. (1988, July 3). Tooned In. Chicago Tribune, 59.

Soloman, C. (1988, June 22). The Animated Arena of ‘Roger Rabbit’ : Integration of Cartoons With Live Action Will Set Standard. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-06-22-ca-4589-story.html

Who Framed Roger Rabbit. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved September 2, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit

Wolf, S. (2008). Don Hahn talks about "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?" MouseClubhouse.com. Retrieved September 2, 2021, from https://archive.md/20120908053504/http://www.mouseclubhouse.com/Interviews/don-hahn/don-hahn-beauty-roger-rabbit.htm#selection-107.0-111.38

Episode Summary

Amid mounting pressure from new leadership, Disney animators ushered in a new era with its first ever computer-generated image (CGI) sequence in The Great Mouse Detective (1986). Erin and Rachel discuss their attraction to Disney characters and their puzzlement with the lengthy cabaret sequence in this Sherlock Holmes-inspired adventure film.

Episode Bibliography

Black, R.S., & Pretes, L. (2007). Victims and victors: Representation of physical disability on the silver screen. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 32(1), 66-83.

Bogdan, R., Biklen, D., Shapiro, A. & D. Spelkoman. (1982). The disabled: Media's monster. Social Policy, 13(2), 32-35.

Culhane, J. (1986, July 27). 'The Great Mouse Detective' Gives Clues to the Future of Disney Animation. The New York Times, 16.

Darnton, N. (1986, July 2). Film: 'The Great Mouse Detective'. The New York Times, 29.

Donnelly, C. E. (2016). Re-visioning negative archetypes of disability and deformity in fantasy: Wicked, Maleficent, and Game of Thrones. Disability Studies Quarterly, 36(4). 

Ebert, R. (1986, July 2). The Great Mouse Detective. RogerEbert.com. Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-great-mouse-detective-1986

Fanning, J. (2016, June 30). Did You Know? Unravel 8 Sneaky Facts from The Great Mouse Detective. D23. Retrieved August 24, 2021, from https://d23.com/did-you-know-unravel-9-sneaky-facts-from-the-great-mouse-detective/

Frayling, C. (2014). The Yellow Peril: Dr. Fu Manchu and the rise of Chinaphobia. Thames & Hudson.

Goldstein, A. O., Sobel, R. A., & Newman, G. R. (1999). Tobacco and alcohol use in G-rated children’s animated films. JAMA, 281(12), 1131-1136. doi:10.1001/jama.281.12.1131

The Great Mouse Detective. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective

Korkis, J. (2011, February 23). How Basil Saved Disney Feature Animation: Part One. Mouse Planet. Retrieved August 24, 2021, from https://www.mouseplanet.com/9534/How_Basil_Saved_Disney_Feature_Animation_Part_One

Korkis, J. (2011, March 2). How Basil Saved Disney Feature Animation: Part Two. Mouse Planet. Retrieved August 24, 2021, from https://www.mouseplanet.com/9549/How_Basil_Saved_Disney_Feature_Animation_Part_Two

Motamayor, R. (2020, April 2). Revisiting ‘The Great Mouse Detective’, the Unsung Kickstarter of the Disney Renaissance (And One of Disney’s Creepiest Movies). /Film. Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://www.slashfilm.com/the-great-mouse-detective-revisited-2/

Ness, M. (2015, October 22). This, Too, Started With a Mouse. Tor.com. Retrieved August 26, 2021, from https://www.tor.com/2015/10/22/this-too-started-with-a-mouse-disneys-the-great-mouse-detective/

Peraza, M. (2010, April 1). Basil of Baker Street. Ink and Paint Club. Retrieved August 24, 2021, from http://michaelperaza.blogspot.com/search/label/Basil%20of%20Baker%20Street

Siskel, G. (1986, August 8). Flick of Week: 'Vagabond' One of Finest Films in Years. Chicago Tribune.

Steinmetz, J. (1986, July 2). 'Great Mouse Detective': Vintage Disney, Updated. Chicago Tribune.

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Episode Summary

In an episode bubbling over with Disney history, Erin and Rachel dive into The Black Cauldron (1985), also known as, “the film that almost killed Disney animation.” Amid corporate restructuring, another animator’s strike, and increasing competition at the box office, The Black Cauldron totally flopped. Erin and Rachel liked this film about as much as 1985 audiences did, and not just because of the misogyny and white-washed cast. Even innovative animation technology couldn’t save the meandering script and annoying characters.

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