Curve of spee: 2d curvature = buccal cusp tips of premolars and molars posteriorly, curvature begins @ tip of canines and curves upwards from anterior → posterior 

Max molar roots = inclined MESIALLY

Mandi molar roots = inclined DISTALLY 

Curve of Wilson: the medio-lateral curvature of the occlusal plane of posterior teeth → complements the paths of the condoles during mandible movement 

Also 2d 

Crowns of MANDI posterior teeth incline to the lingual (Lingual Lower)

Crowns of MAX posterior teeth incline toward buccal (Buccal Upper) 

Molars have greater inclination bc the curve  → deeper posterior 

Sphere of Monson AKA compensating occlusal curvature = 3d sphere shaped curvature for occlusal plane Concave curve for mandi, convex for maxillary = combo of curve and spee and curve of Wilson

Axial position = the inclination of a tooth from vertical axis 

Normally described in mesiodistal and faciolingual direction (but a combo of the two) = opposite of BULL

Crown is normally inclined in the OPPOSITE direction = BULL

From facial/lingual aspects ALL permanent teeth = rougly trapezoidal 

Proximal view → triangular 

Base = cervical 3rd

Apex = incisal 3rd

Apex = wedge in tearing, biting, and incising food

Proximal view → trapezoidal 

Base = cervical 

Wedge → aids in distribution of forces during mastication and self-cleaning process

Proximal → rhomboidal 

Crowns = inclined toward the lingual  = proper interlocking of the Mandi and max posterior teeth during mastication 

Increase in size with age = Abrasive contact in proximals broaden the area 

Mesiodistal length of dental arches = get shorter = as teeth become narrower mesiodistally, they are moving closer to midline 

Proper contact location = stabilizes dental arch and prevents food packing 

Contact areas become more cervically located from anterior → posterior in each quad (basically just move down towards cervical 3rd from midline to molars) 

Distal contact area normally = more cervical location than mesial contact 

Relative size increases from anterior to posterior in each quad

Posterior teeth → contact areas = normally located to the buccal of center in the faciolingual dimension 

CEJ = cervical line = line around the tooth where enamel and cementum meet 

Separates anatomical crown and root → only visible when not covered by soft tissue

It is stable (unlike gingival line → everchanging)

Gingival line = gingival margin/crest → imaginary line which marks the level of termination of nonattached soft tissue surrounding the tooth 

Separates the clinical crown and root → is always visible 

Epithelial attachment = actual attachment of the soft tissue of the mouth to the tooth 

Can be distinguished From the PDL 

Connection for soft gingival tissue 

PDL = attachment of the hard tissue (bone_ to the tooths root structure 

Usually a sulcus between gingival Marin and epithelial attachment 

Cervical line normally curved (convex) or bulges TOWARD the apical on the → lingual and facial teeth surfaces

CL is normally convex toward the incisal/occlusal on → the mesial and distal surfaces

The amount (depth) of cervical line curvature on any tooth is normally GREATER on the MESIAL compared to distal 

Cervical lines on adjacent prox. Surfaces of adj. teeth have → approx same depth of curvature

Depth of curvature on all surfaces = greatest on → central incisors and decreases POSTERIORLY 

A dental formula = indicates the dentiiton of only 1 side of the mouth but includes both MAX and MAND. Quadrants. 

Must be multiplied by 2 to provide the number of teeth in entire dentition 

PERM DENTAL FORMULA: I 2/2: C 1/1 : P 2/2; M3/ 3 = 32 TEETH TOTAL 

BABY DENTAL FORMULA: I 2/2: C 1/1: M 2/2 = 10 TEETH TOTAL 

Deciduous:  

MAND Central incisor  

MAND Lat incisor 

MAX Central incisor  

MAX Lat incisor 

MAND 1st molar  

MAX 1st molar 

MAND canine 

MAX canine 

MAND 2nd molar 

MAX 2nd molar  

Central incisor mand = 6 

Central incisor max = 7.5 

Lat incsor mand = 7 

Lat incisor max = 9 

Mand canine = 16 

Max canine = 14 

Mand 2nd molar = 20 

MAX 2nd molar = 24  

Mandibular 1st molar = 6-7 

Max 1st molar = 6-7 

Mand C. incisor = 6-7 

Mand L. incisor = 7-8 

Max C. incisor = 7-8 

Max L. incisor = 8-9 

Mand canine = 9-10 

Mand 1st premolar = 10-11 

Max 1st premolar = 10-11 

Mand second premolar = 11-12 

Max second premolar = 11-12 

Max canine = 11-12 

Mand 2nd molar = 11-13 

Max 2nd molar = 12-13 

Mand 3rd molar =17-21 

Max 3rd molar = 17-21 

Universal numbering system  

Perm = Upper right third molar is #1 and then you go all the way to number 16. Start the next arch off at lower left 3rd molar = #17 and then lower right third molar = #32 

Deciduous teeth = Numbered 1-20 in the same fashion as perm teeth but lowercase "d" is added after the number. Most common, just use letters to address baby teeth, A-T retrospectively.  

Palmer notation method 

Breaks mouths into 4 quadrants of 8 teeth 

1 = C.incis 

2 = Lat.incis 

3 = canine DDA 

4 = 1st PM 

5 = 2nd PM 

6-8 = 1-3rd molars  

Use letters A-E for baby teeth  

Signs tell the quadrants  

FDI system  

Binomial system = the first number = quadrant and second number = tooth # (1-8) 

PERM = 1 at top right, two, 3 = LL, 4 = LR 

BABY = 5,6,7,8  

Teeth are seperated into upper and lower arches 

upper arch = maxillary and lower arch = mandible 

Mandible = lower jar = movable 

Midline = imaginary verticle line that divides the mouth into halves 

The mouth = further divided into quadrants: 

Maxillary upper right 

Maxillary upper left 

Mandibular lower right 

Mandibular lower left  

It's improtant to remember that the left is actually the patients right and patients left is actually our right  

Occulsion = the action of the mandibular bottom teeth contacting the max. Upper teeth 

The process of biting and chewing food = mastication 

Classification of Dentitions 

Humans = heterodont = meaning we have different types of teeth that have different functions while masticating. A homodont would instead have all one same set of teeth.  

Humans are also diphyodonts which means they have two sets of teeth 

Deciduous 

Permanent 

Polyphyodonts = 2+ sets of teeth develop throughout life 

Humans have two dentition phases. Deciduous and permnant 

20 of them 10 on top 10 on bottom 

Perm = 32 perm teeth. 16 on top and 16 on bottom. 

 and they erupt from 6 yrs old to 21 years old. 

Classification of Teeth 

Humans have 8 different types of teeth in the perm dentition  

2 incisors = closest to ML  

Central and lateral incisors 

Biting, cutting, incising, and shearing. 

4 per arch = 8 total in mouth 

1 canine AKA cuspid 

3rd tooth from midline 

Cutting, tearing, piercing, and holding 

2 per arch = 4 total in mouth 

2 premolars AKA bicuspids 

4th and 5th teeth from ML 

1st and second premolars = their names 

Tearing, holding, grinding 

4 per arch = 8 total per moutn 

3 molars 

6th, 7th, 8  

First, 2nd, and 3rd molars 

First molar = 6 year old jmolar 

Second molar = 12 year old molar 

3rd molar = wisdom tooth 

GRINDING 

6 per arch, 12 per mouth  

Decidious dentiion: 

2 incisors = central and lateral incsicors 

Biting, cutting, incising, and shearing 

1 canine = cuspid 

Cutting, tearing, piercing, holding 

2 molars = first and second molars 

GRINDING 

NO PRE MOLARS, one less molar per quadrant. 

5 teeth per quadrant, 10 per arch = 20 total teeth  

 Dentition periods and succedaneous teeth 

Humans = 2 dentition types but THREE dentition PERIODS 

Bc decidouus and perm periods interlap, which makes the middle mixed periods. 

Primary= mostly Decidious 

Mixed 

Perm 

Primary period 

Only baby teeth 

6 mos to 6 years 

At 6 years the 1st mandibular molar will erupt. = lower 1st molar = 6 year old molar 

Mixed dentiition period 

Both baby and perm teeth 

6 years to 12 years old. 

Starts at 6 years old with eruption of 6 year old molar = lower 1st molar = mandibular molar 

Ends at age 12 when the last tooth efoliates / falls out = maxillary second molar = upper 12 year old moalr = second molar 

Permnant dentiion period 

Begins at 12 years old when the maxillary 2nd molar falls out of the upper arch 

Continues till we die basically 

In order for a permanent tooth to erupt a baby tooth must exfoliate, or fall out. This happens through resorption, which is a natural process of the roots melting away or eating themselves  

Succedaneous (sucks-uh-daneous) teeth = perm teeth that replace the exfoliated baby teeth  

Means succeeding teeth, teeth that come after the baby teeth.  

There are 20 since they are replacing 20 baby teeth.  

Inciscors, canines replace their counter parts and premolars replace baby molars. 

Since the PreMs are replacing the baby molars the PERMMolars have nothing to replace therefore they are NOT succedaneous teeth.