Where this is no viable forum to address human rights violations by African states, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights will consider such violations.

Refugees and asylum seekers detained in Kenya risk multiple convictions and protracted detention due to poor coordination between immigration officials, police and prison officers.

International principles of equality and non-discrimination must be applied to the UK's immigration detention system, which at present fails to meet even the minimum standards which apply in prisons.

The South Africa example is instructive in demonstrating both the limits and the dangers of the increasing reliance on detention as a migration management tool.

On 29 June 2013 the amended 'Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast)' became law.

Those seeking asylum in Germany face fast-track assessments, risk of immediate detention and deportation, and lengthy stays in 'communal shelters' scattered throughout Germany.

Despite relatively good conditions in the Czech Republic's closed detention facilities, serious questions should be asked about the justification for detention.

When I fled civil war to come to the UK, I thought that I would be free but instead of helping me, the UK detained me for three years.

Over the last 50 years, Australian governments have introduced a range of measures that seek to deter asylum seekers. Current practice sees asylum seekers once again detained in offshore detention in neighbouring countries.

Can the promotion of liberal norms have an unintended and damaging impact on how states confront the challenges of irregular immigration?