Dr. Mauro Gandolfo is the cofounder and CEO of 3Brain. He received a PhD in Bioengineering from Università degli Studi di Genova and over the last 15 years, has committed to facilitating research in major fields like neuroscience, ophthalmology and cardiology. 3Brain is the world's first company to create microelectrode arrays with high resolution (HD-MEAs). In this episode, Dr.Gandolfo speaks about the ways brain organoids and CMOS technology are revolutionizing our understanding of neuronal functions.

Top three takeaways:

1. The main advantage of using CMOS-APS technology over conventional microelectrode arrays is that it is possible to manipulate many electrodes within a small area and prevent undersampling.
2. The label-free, non-invasive methodology of 3Brain allows for data to be collected over extended periods of time, which will benefit studies on neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
3. The extent of oversampling can be controlled by finding a balance of compromising resolution and the range in area of neurons being measured.

[0:00] Ladan introduces the episode and the guest, Mauro Gandolfo.

[2:30] Gandolfo discusses the beginnings of 3Brain and how their products revolutionize electrophysiology using CMOS technology.

[5:40] Their team has worked to modify the structure of the pixel on the CMOS device to measure changes in voltage of neuron membranes rather than photons.

[8:10] The 3Brain approach eliminates the need to dye cells and instead emphasizes functional imaging, where cell behavior is observed.

[10:50] While each electrode can sense 1-3 cells, triangulation can be used to find the source of the information, and as a result, locating the neuron.

[13:20] As a control for oversampling, compression tools allow users to decide the level of information they want to capture based on their study.

[15:35] Stem cell technology and cellular reprogramming technology have revolutionized medicine in the 21st century.

[17:40] Brain organoids allow scientists to test compounds that can treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

[19:20] Researchers are working on adding components to the organoids to increase accuracy such as vasculature and diversification of cells.

[21:20] A new project consists of 3-D technology that can penetrate into the organoids to record data from the inside.

[24:30] Currently, the goal height of their silicon chip is 100 microns, promoting more proper recordings of brain organoid behavior.

[26:20] 3Brain's mission is to provide answers to patients with brain diseases, contributing through their technologies.