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Glyburide also goes by the brand names of Diabeta, Glynase, and Micronase. It is most commonly used in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. The dosing range varies and is based on the patients blood glucose and the level of control needed. The treatment range is between 1.25-20 mg PO divided 1-2 times daily. Glyburide is given with meals. The mechanism of action lowers blood glucose through the stimulation of pancreatic beta cells. It is very important to note that the conventional and micronized tablets are not interchangeable. The comparison is approximately 1.25 mg to 0.75 mg. Common side effects are weight gain, epigastric discomfort, and blurred vision. The more serious side effects are a disulfiram-like reaction, hypoglycemia, and agranulocytosis.

Tamsulosin is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocking agent also known as the brand name Flomax. Tamsulosin comes as a 0.4 mg capsule that is typically dosed 0.4 mg PO qd for 30 minutes after the same meal. The most common side effects are dizziness, cough and various infections. Some of the more serious side effects are priapism, arrhythmia, and syncope. Tamsulosin is most commonly used in males for the treatment of enlarged prostatic hyperplasia. It is commonly used to relieve symptoms such as difficulty in the beginning of urination and for weak streams as well as the need to urinate often in the middle of the night.

Alendronate is a bone resorption inhibiting bisphosphonate. The most common brand name is Fosamax. There is a dosage form specific Binosto which is a tablet that dissolves in a solution. The main indication is in the treatment of osteoporosis. Some considerations to make for patients is the supplementation of Ca and Vitamin-D if there is inadequate dietary intake. When taking the tablet it should be administered with water and taken 30 minutes before the first meal or medication of the day. It’s also very important to avoid lying down for 30 minutes after taking it. The common dosing is 70 mg PO qd. There is an alternative dosing for osteoporosis which is 5-10 mg po qd. The most common side effects are heartburn, upset stomach and nausea. When monitoring patients the bone mineral density (BMD) should be taken at baseline and periodically thereafter.

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid or corticosteroid with minimal mineralocorticoid activity. It is most often used in treating conditions that are corticosteroid-responsive such as in acute exacerbation of Multiple Sclerosis, or in the treatment of Acute Asthma. Common dosing ranges between 5-60 mg PO 1-2 times daily. If the patient has been on high dose therapy or has undergone longer term therapy it is highly recommended to taper the patient gradually off the medications. The most common side effects are weight gain, loss of appetite, mood changes, muscle & joint pain, and headache. One of the more serious considerations is to not get any live vaccines while on this medication. The main concern is the vaccine will not work as well due to prednisone's ability to lower the body’s immune response.

Hyzaar is the brand name for the combination of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). It comes as a tablet in several strengths (losartan/HCTZ): 100 mg/25 mg, 100 mg/12.5 mg, and 50 mg/12.5 mg. The indications are for hypertension and for the prevention of stroke. Dosing is generally initiated at 50 mg/12.5 mg PO qd but if the patient has severe hypertension it is initiated at higher strengths. There is a Black Box Warning for fetal toxicity and the medication should not be used or discontinued immediately if pregnancy is detected or suspected. The most common side effects are dizziness, cough, and dyspepsia. The serious side effects are renal failure, acute angle-closure glaucoma, and non-melanoma skin cancer. 

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Folic acid goes by many different names such as folate, Vitamin B9 or even by the brand name of FaLessa. It is a water-soluble vitamin and used in the treatment of Megaloblastic Anemia as well as in supplementation. When treating Anemia dosing is initiated at 1 mg PO qd up to a mas of 5 mg per day until hematologic correction occurs. When it comes to supplementation, dosing varies based on age. Folic acid is an important component in DNA synthesis as well as in erythropoiesis. Common side effects are rash, irritability, flatulence, and abdominal pain. Folic acid is found in a wide variety of foods such as spinach, beets, dried beans, citrus fruits, and legumes. 

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Risedronate also is known by the brand names Actonel and Atelvia. It is a bisphosphonate derivative and used in the treatment of osteoporosis. A typical dosing regimen is 35 mg PO every week. Alternative dosing regimens are 5 mg PO qd and 150 mg PO every month. Risedronate works by inhibiting resorption of bone which indirectly leads to an increase of bone mineral density (BMD). Unlike other drugs, risedronate is not metabolized. This medication has an extremely long half-life at around 480-561 hours. When taking risedronate it is important to consider adequate Calcium and Vitamin-D intake. Common side effects are abdominal pain, insomnia, depression, constipation, dyspepsia, and headache. When taking risedronate it is important for it to be given with 6-8 ounces of water and for the patient to remain upright for at least 30 minutes. 

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Oxycodone also is known as Roxicodone or as the extended release abuse deterrent formulations Oxycontin and Xtampza. The most common use for oxycodone is in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. When treating patients it is important to determine if the patient is opioid-naïve or opioid experienced. Opioid-naïve patients are doses at the lowest effective dose for the shortest effective duration. Initiating dosing is around 5-15 mg PO q4-6h prn. Opioid-experienced patients are dosed based on their current opioid intake and converted using the most current nomograms. There are multiple black box warnings and extreme caution and monitoring should be exercised when prescribing. The most common side effects are constipation, dizziness, fever, anxiety and confusion. Some serious side effects are abuse, dependency, seizures, and respiratory depression.

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DISCLAIMER:  This content may contain sponsored content or the use of affiliate links. Partnerships, sponsorships, and the use of affiliate links provide monetary commissions for Drug Cards Daily at no cost to you! This is done in order to keep providing as much free content to everyone that comes to Drug Cards Daily. Thanks for your support! Drug Cards Daily provides drug information for educational and entertainment use. The information provided is not intended to be a sole source of drug information that is to be acted upon for patient care. If there are drug-related patient care concerns please contact your primary care Physician or local Pharmacist. 

Diazepam is also known as Valium and Diastat. It comes as a tablet, solution, nasal liquid, rectal gel, and concentrated solution. There are a wide variety of uses for diazepam such as for the treatment of anxiety, pre-op sedation, procedural sedation, alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasms, and seizures. A common dosing range when treating anxiety is 2-10 mg PO bid-qid. There are also approved uses in pediatrics such as for anxiety, muscle spasms, and status epilepticus. The benefits from diazepam are often linked to the enhancement of the GABA-A, not the GABA-B, receptors. The most common side effects are drowsiness, confusion, libido changes, and irritability. There are several Black Box Warnings to be aware of such as concomitant opioid use, the risk of abuse/misuse/addiction, and the risk of dependence/withdrawal reactions. Make sure to monitor the patients’ LFTs if prolonged usage as well as their blood pressure and mental status. 

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Atenolol is a Beta-1 Selective Beta Blocker Antihypertensive Agent that is also known by the brand name Tenormin. The common indications are for Hypertension (HTN), Angina, and Post-MI Cardiovascular Event Prevention. It also has an off label use for Migraine Prophylaxis. Dosing range is between 25-200 mg PO qd depending on the indication. Should the patient ever need to discontinue the medication they should be tapered off gradually due to risks of exacerbation of treated indication. Common monitoring parameters include but are not limited to Cr and BP at baseline and periodically thereafter, ECG, and 10-year ASCVD risk assessment. Apple juice and orange juice should be avoided when taking this medication because they may prevent atenolol from being absorbed properly. The most common side effects are bradycardia, drowsiness, hypotension, fatigue, and cold extremities. 

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