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In this episode of 'EMERGE in EM,' Dr. Mohamed Hagahmed and ICU doctor Dr. Obi Anozie discuss the critical neurological emergency of benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus (BRSE). They explore the pathology behind why BRSE occurs, the necessary aggressive treatment strategies, and second-line agent options including levetiracetam, valproic acid, fosphenytoin, propofol, and ketamine. They emphasize the importance of correct dosing, timely escalation of treatment, and thorough patient examination. The conversation also covers the need for a comprehensive approach to non-convulsive status epilepticus and the practical aspects of pre-hospital and ED management, including the use of paralytic agents like rocuronium over succinylcholine.

Paper reference: Pelletier J, Merriman W, Koyfman A, Long B. Benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus: A narrative review. Am J Emerg Med. 2025;81:228-235. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2025.01.046.