1644

Prince Rupert goes on the march to save the beleaguered royalist army of the North. At Marston Moor he meets a joint Anglo-Scottish army for the largest battle of the war.

1643/1644

New soldiers enter England from Ireland and Scotland, changing the course, and nature, of the war.

1643/1644

Oxford is transformed from a sleepy university town into a royal court full of factional infighting.

1643/1644

London spends a winter without coal from royalist-controlled Newcastle.

1643-44

With the Scottish alliance providing added pressure, parliament finally divides into two factions on the religious question.

1630-1643

The limits of religious freedom are tested in the New England colonies. 380 years later a podcaster repeatedly fails to pronounce "Massachusetts".

1643

Parliament seeks an alliance with the Covenantor Scots, and in doing so, is forced into an uncomfortable clarification of its religious policy.

1643

In order to free up soldiers for the war in England, Charles orders the Marquis of Ormond (the commander of the government forces in Ireland) to negotiate a truce with the rebels of the Kilkenny Confederation.

Summer 1643

In East Anglia, a local gentleman named Oliver Cromwell emerges as one of parliament's leading commanders.

Summer 1643

The royalists look to cap off a successful campaigning season by capturing Gloucester, the last parliamentary garrison blocking the entrance to South Wales.