11.2 By early 1862, the initial optimism of the war had faded, revealing the conflict would be prolonged and challenging, straining resources on both sides. The South faced a manpower crisis as Confederate soldiers neared the end of their enlistments, and many were reluctant to reenlist. The Confederate government, similar to the U.S. government but emphasizing states' rights and slavery, struggled with internal political issues. To address the shortage of soldiers, General Lee called for a draft, but this clashed with the South's states' rights principles. Despite efforts to mobilize for war, including controlling the economy and imposing taxes, states' rights often hindered the Confederacy's efforts. The South sought European support, but despite some aid, they failed to gain official recognition. In the North, Lincoln faced challenges maintaining support for the war, especially after losses. Tensions with Britain arose due to Confederate support, and the Union government took significant measures, including passing the Pacific Railroad Act and the Homestead Act. Financially, the North imposed income taxes and reformed the banking system. Like the South, the North also instituted a draft, leading to riots and political opposition from groups like the Copperheads. Lincoln took extreme measures, including suspending habeas corpus, to maintain control. The Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863, aimed to weaken the South's war effort by freeing slaves in Confederate areas, although it had limited immediate impact. It did, however, discourage European intervention and encouraged African American enlistment in the Union army. The war brought hardships, with the South experiencing food shortages and inflation, while the North's industries generally thrived. Both sides faced harsh conditions, with disease rampant in camps and prisons. Women played significant roles, with many serving as nurses, and organizations like the United States Sanitary Commission worked to improve conditions. Despite these efforts, disease claimed more lives than battle, highlighting the war's severe toll on both soldiers and civilians.