Nineteenth Amendment - Who, what, when, Why

•  Ben -  During the midterm elections of 1918, Woodrow Wilson had to address the issue of women’s suffrage sufficiently, for fear of public outcry if he didn’t. One figure that can be cited as being a powerful force throughout this movement was Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association from 1900-1904 and 1915-1920. The organization and its members pressured Congress to change laws that discriminated against women and minorities. 

• Jonathan- The 19th Amendment was passed on May 21st 1919 by James R. Mann, This amendment ensured females could vote equally as men could. A right known as women's suffrage was ratified in 1920 Which just ensured that women can vote in local or national elections.

•  Audrey - So the 15th amendment allowed black males to vote and the 19th amendment is exactly the same thing just instead of race this time it’s about gender. Before the 19th amendment women’s suffrage was actually kind of a state to state thing so like women could vote in some states starting with New Jersey which never restricted women’s rights to vote. Then after the civil war there were a bunch of new states like Utah, Washington and Wyoming, whose state constitutions allowed women to vote. A big reason behind that was to encourage women to move to the west but it also got more states to want to let women vote state to state until it got to a more national level.

•  Illy- The women’s suffrage movement was founded in the mid-19th century by women who had become politically active through their work in the abolitionist and temperance movements. In July 1848, 240 woman suffragists, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, met in Seneca Falls, New York, to assert the right of women to vote. 

President Hoover has a reputation for dithering in the face of the Great Depression, but what are some policies he enacted to counteract the economic crisis?

•  Ben - President Hebert Hoover was tasked with managing America in one of its most vulnerable times. The Great Depression was caused by a number of factors, things like the farming crisis, income inequality, and a dangerously thriving stock market, all of which nearly destroyed the economy. This wasn’t an inevitable thing either, economists warned Hoover and Coolidge, (the president before him), that if they didn’t change things drastically, the economy would crash like never before. Maybe he did deserve the reputation of hesitation around the Great Depression. But I mean, what would you have done? (just saying it was a hard situation don’t actually answer that)

1. 1.  Audrey - A lot of Hoover’s policies didn’t go very well and he kind of got blamed for a lot of the problems the US was having, which presidents often do. He didn’t want the government to get too involved because he was afraid of socialism and he also didn’t really do anything to help unemployment. 

•  Illy-  he took office in 1929 the same year that us economy plummeted so yes like ben and audrey said he did get blamed for a lot of things that happened to the US because he didnt realize the severity of the event going on in his own country something i also found out that may have been a contributing factor in the way he managed this country was this quote from his inauguration “I have no fears for the future of our country” 

What is the 18th amendment to the Constitution? When was it ratified? Why did we need it?

•  Ben - The 18th amendment is the only amendment in the constitution to ever be repealed. Ratified in most states in 1919, this amendment put in place a country-wide ban on alcoholic beverages. ( except 2 states ) Things like religious consumption of wine were still allowed, but any possession or redistribution of alcohol was illegal. 

•  Audrey - So it might sound a little extreme to make alcohol illegal but it was causing real problems. Not only were people drinking 3 times as much as they do today but the alcohol was much more potent. And with the war going on it was kinda like if you wanna defeat the Germans you better stop drinking.

•  Illy- ok so who likes being told what to do ik i dont but basically we made the 18th amendment and all it did was make sneaky ppl and they were known as bootleggers and these bootleggers would make alcohol and then sell it to people 

What is “The Lost Generation”

•  Ben - Back in the 20’s this term used to mean veteren, or generally anyone involved in, or affected by, the great war. Nowadays we define “The Lost Generation” as anyone born from 1883-1900. The Lost Generation experienced a lot of things that we can only imagine, the popularization of the telephone and typewriter, and a drastic rise in production of cars. By 1929, half of all American families owned a car. It must be confusing to see cars as a luxury, then go to war, come back, and now everyone has one.

•  Audrey - When all the luxuries like cars, radios and washing machines, started getting popular, many Americans were going deep into debt to have them. That meant that if the economy struggled, which it obviously did, a lot of people were gonna be in trouble.

•  Illy- people who came back from the vietnam war were also referred to as the lost generation as well 

What is the Anti Imperialist League?

•  The Anti Imperialist League was formed in 1898 to combat America’s takeover of the Philippines. They believed that by being Imperial, America was going against everything it stood for, the values that people like George Washington and Abraham Lincoln tried to bestow upon this country. These values are things like non-intervention, self governing, and consent of the people.

•  Audrey - There were a lot of members of the anti-imperialist league who didn’t really  have anything in common. Obviously they all thought imperialism was bad but they all had different reasons. Some examples are Andrew Carnegie, who was a big businessman and one of the richest people in the US, Jane Addams, who kinda created the job of social worker, and then there’s also Mark Twain who, I think we all know, is a famous author. So the league was made up of all kinds of very different people with one common belief.

•  Illy-  so basically these guys motto was “consent of the governed” and they basically thought that america didnt revolve around this and they got mad and formed this group out of spite

The Meat Inspection Act 

1.  Ben - When I read the contents of the Federal Meat Inspection Act, I thought it was crazy that something like this wasn’t already in place. This law, put in place in 1906, specifically makes it so that if you sell any meat, you have to disclose what the meat is. Before this you could get away with not telling anybody or putting on a wrong label and nobody could press charges against you. 

Pure Food and Drug Act

•  Ben - The Pure Food and Drug Act, similar to the Meat Inspection Act, is pretty self explanatory. Signed on the same exact day as the Meat Inspection Act, meat packing companies got hit pretty hard. Food isn’t the only thing these laws affected, however.  Audrey - Another problem with the drugs is they were being labeled incorrectly or dishonestly, similar to the problem with the meat. That was obviously very dangerous because people didn’t know what they were actually taking. The worst case was in 1937 when elixir sulfanilamide

contained a poison and killed 107 people, many of them being children. That made it clear how important food and drug safety was and encouraged the pure food and drug act. 

• Illy-  basically the problem people  are dishonest little turds and they cant jus help people out by doing what they are supposed to Certain drugs were deemed addictive, or dangerous. Morphine, Opium, Alcohol, and Cannabis were all deemed addictive or dangerous. These laws also led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration.

Westward Expansion - (bring up Economic, social, and cultural development)

1. Gabriel - I want to talk a little bit about manifest destiny so manifest destiny was the idea that the united states was destined by God which lets be honest if your expanding and taking territory you better believe your destined by god like nah dude im just evil love expanding through violence or not

1.  Jonathan-There was much population grown in the eastern states so the westward expansion began however that wasn't the only reason for the westward expansion.There was a lot of available cheap and fertile land for farming, also there an economic opportunity that was seen by many people and this opportunity was known as the california gold rush, along with this open land runaway slaves could settle without having to worry about having to hiding and just being able to live the rest of their lives free.

The Gold Rush

1. 1.  Gabe - The gold rush started in 1848 when in california James W. Marshall who was building a mill for Johann sutter FOUND GOLD. news got out by 1849 we’ve got tons of people going to california for the gold sense it was 1849 the people were dubbed the name forty niner’s and this brought in around 300,000 people

• Jonathan- The gold rush attracted immigrants from around the entire world and by 1850 more than 25% of california's population was not born in the united states and when the amounts of gold began to drop miners started getting frustrated that they were not finding anything so they blamed the immigrants, California’s legislature then passed a foreign miners tax which brought a monthly fee of 20$ on non citizens which was equivalent to 500 dollars a month in today's money

1.  Ben - The economic effects of the California Gold Rush can not be understated. There were countless technological advances industrially and in agriculture because of just how much people wanted to find gold. It brought countless profits to thousands of Americans and gave the economy a much needed boost. There were a lot of side effects, however. They needed water for the mining, which redirected a lot of it away from farms, drying up a lot of land. This left a large portion of California near destroyed.

The Dawes Act

1.  Ebag - The Dawes Act in 1887 allowed the allotment of lands to individual indians not tribes and to extend the united states laws and protections and give indians territories I don't really know how to feel about this one i cant say its bad because technically we were giving indians citizen ship so they could get land just like us

Chinese immigrants and Mexican Americans in the age of westward expansion

(Opens a modal)

1.  Leirbag - Chinese immigrants in the 1820s was very few with a little 650 living in the us but by the end of 1852 over 25,000 chinese immigrants were attracted by quick fortunes of the gold by 1880 there were over 300,000 chinese  most in california many found employment in the transcontinental railroad alot of them actually got here using a credit ticket in which there ticket was paid in advance by an american businessmen who they were then indebted too for a period of work Few chinese planned to stay permanently but alot didnt have the funds to return home.

Little Big Horn

1.  Ben - June 25-26, 1876. This was the day of the Battle of Little Bighorn, this battle has really made me think. The Native Americans weren’t the helpless savages that the early colonists paint them to be, and this battle just proves that more and more every day. The significant forces of the native people goes to show just how hard the U.S. worked to take their land. It wasn’t just a “Well this is here so, lets take it” thing it was definitely a fight. There was never any question in their mind what they wanted from, and for, the Native Americans.

Wounded Knee

1.  Illy- so this battle took place in 1890 was in other words a giant massacre that killed almost 300 lakota (aka sioux) indians, these indians practiced a dance called the Ghost Dance and believed that if you practice the ghost dance then you would get to see the new world when the gods cleansed it and got rid of all non-believers including non-indians, on december 15, 1890 the reservation police tried to arrest Sitting Bull who was a famous sioux chief, who the officers believed was a Ghost Dancer ,and in this point in time was not a good thing to be, they ended up killing Sitting Bull in the process of arresting him and that just rose the tension that was building up to this battle 

     Emancipation Podcast Station

We are a govt -  tell us about how America came to have a government

1. 1. Ben - Pilgrim code of law was put into place in 1636.  Annual elections, a General Court, and seven council assistants was how they divided most power. There were oaths and jurys and everything you might expect from a basic democratic government. However, in other aspects like currency, they were very behind. An official currency separate from the british types of money wasn’t issued until 1775, a single year before the Declaration of independence was signed. (This currency was named “continentals”)

• caydan-The  constitution and the fight for it to be ratified-the constitution  is the basic groundwork for the whole united states the three main points being

 inherent rights,      general rights of being a human rights 

government ruled by the people  the people pick those in power 

the separation of powers     checks and balances making no one person hold to much power                                                                                   

1. 1. audrey - The pilgrims didn’t have lasting economic success so after the early 1630s some of the original people including Brewster, Winslow, and Standish left to start their own communities. Because of the cost of king Phillip’s war colonies were struggling even more. After about a decade the king appointed a colonial governor to New England and soon Plymouth just became part of massachusetts.

• Illy- articles of confederation (1777-1781) the continental congress pretty much decided that the new states needed some kinda government after the split from the british and so they created this honestly terrible weak one and called it the articles of confederation but like i said it was terrible and weak so they ended up havin to throw it out because they left most of the power to the states and that went south really fast because they all had different ideas of how to govern themselves so it of course led to chaos and then they later came up with the declaration of independence which is what we still use today.

1. 1. Jonathan - The Constitution of the United States established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.

• Ella - The U.S government took a lot of inspiration from their British heritage. They used ideas and traditions from their past. The events that happened at the time also had an impact on how the government was formed. 

1.  Juan- The United States is a constitutional democracy, a type of government characterized by limitations on government power spelled out in a written constitution. Written in 1787, the U.S. Constitution is both the oldest and shortest written constitution in the world. It serves as the supreme law of the United States.

The Bill of Rights - What are they and what is included?

•  Caydan - 1 Freedom of religion and speech 

2Right to a militia and right to bear arms 

3You can not be forced to house a soldier in time of war or otherwise 

4Can not search a house without probable cause  

g5no person can be convicted of crime unless there are good facts innocent until proven guilty 

6Right to a trial with a lawyer and for the trial to not be delayed and to know the nature of the crime you are being convicted of

7 in civil law the right to sue people if money is more than 20 bucks in federal court 

             8 no cruel or unusual punishment

9 natural rights cannot be taken away 

10 everything that doesn't fall under these is controlled by the states 

Caydan- There was a ton of debate whether these rights were to be added or not between the federalist and anti federalists 

The federalist did not think the bill of rights was necessary and that the constitution 

Was enough the antifederalist demanded the rights be written down 

Where the federalists thought people would think they have no rights if they were not written down 

1. 1.  Ben - The bill of rights was approved and put into effect in 1791, and despite how much it seems to change the government, really didn’t affect the lives of citizens as much as it may imply since it was more about how the government treats citizens, and less about citizens inherent rights. Later amendments had a large impact, though.

• Illy- pretty much without the bill of rights everybody would jus think they could do whatever they please which is not true, the bill of rights outlines our basic rights to the stuff we ARE allowed to do 

1. 1.  Gabe - All of these things are true id just like to throw in really that they clarify the rights we already had they make sure that us as citizens CANNOT under any circumstances lose our basic and most fundamental rights 

•  Jonathan- The bill of rights just covers our rights as citizens in the United states and enforcing that those rights are not violated in any way or manner.

1. 1. Juan- These amendments in the Bill of Rights guarantee essential rights and civil liberties, such as the right to free speech and the right to bear arms, as well as reserving rights to the people and the states.

• Ella - The U.S. version of the Bill of Rights was written by James Madison. He wrote them in response to the states wanting better and more secure individual rights. 

Amendment 11 - When and why was this amendment added?

• gaincaydan- this one i find interesting it was put into place after alexander chisholm tried to sue  georgia over him giving them supplies during the revolutionary war the 11th amendment nullified this later making  sovereign immunity valid a

1. 1. Ben - The eleventh amendment was passed to stop biased court cases, but the wording makes it confusing, as there are now several different interpretations in modern day. I don’t know if it’s right to have an opinion on this, but I’m not going to law school so I guess it doesn’t matter. I just think its simplest if it means the U.S. courts have a limited amount of power when it comes to suing foreign countries and foreign citizens, to prevent a considerable amount of bias and mainly to simplify contradictory laws.

•  Ella -The 11th amendment was created to overrule the supreme court. While a state cannot be sued, but federal court can force state officials to follow the law. 

1.  Jonathan-So this amendment seems like it applies more to the country/state for lawsuits such as getting a divorce in a different state from the one which you were married.

Amendment 12  -When and why was this amendment added? 

1. 1. Ben - The 12th Amendment is enforcing the security of the electoral college and its votes. It says they must cast both their votes, presidential and vice presidential. Because sometimes not voting is more powerful than voting, especially in such a complex political environment.

• Gabe - Ray vs Blair(1952) is an example of the 12th amendment where ray the alabama executive committee chairman who was in charge of certifying electoral candidates had declined Blair because he refused to pledge to protect the nominees. Now this isn't required but ray still had the authority to who he could certify this led to a lawsuit where blair declared a writ of mandamus which is an order from the court that directs an inferior government official (ray) to fulfill his duties and fix the abuse of freedoms they used the 12th amendment saying that ray making blair pledge restricted electors freedoms voting in state primary ray then applied for writ of certiorari which makes a lower court give all the records of a specific court because the alabama court referred to the constitution which was a federal document they granted certiorari and proceeded to hear the case they used alabama's supreme court decision the court said that a state has the right to exclude potential electors if they don't pledge to support for a nominee the court also decided that the 12 amendment did not protect individuals from requiring elector candidates to pledge their support for a nominee nor does such a requirement deny individuals of their equal protection rights under the 14th amendment. 

1. 1. Caydan - The 12th amendment came into play on feb 9th 1825 were andrew jackson and john adams neither received the majority of the electoral votes then the three candidates that received the popular votes where to be put in the white house so representative henry clay used his influence to support john adams

• Ella - The presidential election in 1824 since the amendment was added that resulted in the house deciding because no candidate got majority vote. 

1.  Juan- The 12th Amendment provided for separate Electoral College votes for President and Vice President, correcting weaknesses in the earlier electoral system which were responsible for the controversial Presidential Election of 1800.

That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Intro Episode

Welcome to the Emancipation Podcast Station where history is researched and retold through the eyes of high school students

Who are you, and what grade are you in?

1 Ben - 10th

2 Jonathan, 9th

3 audrey, 11th

4 illy 11th

5caydan- im 9th

6Gabe - im 11th

1. Juan

If you’ve participated in the past, what are you most looking forward to in this year?

If you have not participated in the podcast, what made you choose this over your regular curriculum?

1 Ben - I’m most looking forward to working on new topics with the confidence that I can educate listeners and lead a project that is not only fun for those involved, but also entertaining for those who view it.

2 Jonathan-I'm looking forward to being able to learn new things and be able to work based on my own points and research rather than being told what to do and having random facts crammed in my head that I will probably never even need to know. I chose to do a podcast over my regular curriculum  because I thought it would be a good idea to try out new things and be able to show my work and how I think.

3 audrey - I used to hate history because I just got bored but it’s my favorite subject now because I can really get into the stories of people so I guess I’m most excited about learning about people from the past.

4 illy- learning interesting new facts about major events that a lot of people don’t usually know about and actually bein able to understand events that shape the world we live in today!

5     i  found it more  interesting to research my own topics than have them hand fed to me i feel it gives me more freedom to learn about the points i want to learn about and keeps me from only learning about what others think is important cause i may find different things important 

6Gabe - improv 

1. Juan

Countries

• Skylar - United States - The United States was making very dramatic changes in the 1920’s. For the first time in forever people were actually living in bigger Cities rather than living on farms in the middle of nowhere. The united states worth doubled. A lot of people were kind of confused at first on what was happening, but it ended up being a pretty cool time for the united states.

• Gabe - Russia - in the early 1920s russia had a civil war which put the bolshevik party into leadership and they made the chaka which then changed names a couple times and turned into the KGB and then soon the bolshevik was renamed to the russian communist party and right after the USSR was created

1. 1. Ella - In the soviet union in 1920 The Soviet Union was formed and Joseph Stalin became the commander in 1922. Also in the 20s, 15 republics in Asia were united. That’s about all.

• Ben - The League of Legends was a group of countries formed after WW1 in order to keep the peace between nations for as long as possible. The League tried to upkeep peace but despite the sheer amount of countries dedicated to the cause, they couldn’t get the bigger countries like the U.S. and Russia to recognize their authority. America and Russia then continued doing what they wanted cause the League of Nations thought if they tried to stop something that was happening, they would get ignored because they weren’t well known, or even worse, get attacked by the nations they were trying to stop. Ultimately though, WW2 complicated things and thats why they ended up disbanding. They might’ve been able to accomplish more if the war didn’t happen.

1. Audrey - In the 1920s Germany was dealing with the consequences of ww1. The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay 132 gold marks (US $33 billion) in reparations to cover the damage caused in the war. Even though the war had been over since 1918 there was still a threat of war so another thing in the Treaty of Versailles was the disarmament of the German army. Germany also lost many important portions of its territory to Belgium, France, Poland and Czechoslovakia.

7..

Politics

• Skylar - Women’s Suffrage - the women’s suffrage was basically women fighting for the right to vote. This wasn’t all they wanted though. Women literally just wanted to be treated the same as men, and have the same rights that they have, which I think is completely fair. These women worked so very hard to get the rights that we, women have today. 

• Gabe - in the 20s there were 3 republican presidents elected consecutively

Starting with Harding who died after 3 years of presidency in 1923 he was one of the most popular presidents all the way up until after his death where the teapot dome scandal was revealed where the interior secretary albert fall leased naval oil reserves. 

• Ella - In 1920 on Wall Street, one of the busiest streets, there was a huge explosive, being carried in a horse drawn carriage. 38 people lost their lives and hundreds were injured. At the time it was called the worst terror attack to ever occur in America History.  

1. 1. Hunter- during this time sadly there was a lot of political issues…. Causing the rise of major political movements like communism and fascism, and which now adays we are trying to fight both of those movement

• Ben - “Silent Cal” Coolidge was elected on August 3rd, 1923, sworn into office by his own father following the sudden death of the former president in the middle of the night, forcing them to use a lamp to conduct the oath. Coolidge’s presidency was somewhat dedicated to correcting the former president, Warden Harding’s corruption which rooted itself into the government through companies like the Harding administration.

Music/The arts

• Skylar - Jazz music was known as the first contribution to music. Jazz music was known as “a combination of nervousness, lawlessness, primitive and savage animalism and lasciviousness.” It was a pretty chill type of music, in my opinion. Jazz music was kind of controversial topic, sometimes it was known as a “race record”. 

• Gabe - Along with the jazz broadways (woo woo!) prime years were in 1920s they actually had 50 musicals opening in one season people were paying $3.50 a seat crazy and the art people started digging that surrealist look i find them kinda creepy but hey its that was it back then

• Ella - Surrealism and Art Deco were two art movements in the 1920s. Surrealism was an art style with a more deep, weird, bizarre and “dreamlike” vibe. A lot of it was based on being unconscious.  Art Deco was a style or architecture made with modern and geometric design. 

1. 1. Hunter- another type of art during this time was the creation of short films!!! Like Mickey Mouse in……. Steamboat Willie by Walt Disney in 1928 which lead to what we know now as Disney Movies, Disney Pixar, and Walt Disney Pictures.

• Ben - Photography started being accepted as a valid form of art in the 20’s and new photographers paved the way for many styles that we might see modern photography. As well as more photojournalism in the culture, it also strengthened the power of some movements now that they could be documented more accurately and empathetically. 

1. Audrey - The prohibition of alcohol in 1920 led to an underground market of alcohol and the creation of places like speakeasies. They started small but as the Roaring Twenties came to its prime Speakeasies expanded to clubs that featured musicians and dancers. Even though they were illegal speakeasies were very popular. There were other places to go like private clubs, dance clubs, and jazz clubs. People would go to clubs to listen to new music and, since dancing was a huge part of the culture, they would dance the latest dances like the Charlston. 

7.

Culture

• Skylar - I’m going to talk about flappers. Flappers were women who were basically outlaws, they didn’t go by the rules for society. They did what they wanted. Usually these women would cut their hair short, either wore dresses or skirts, wore lots of makeup, and really flaunted what they had. They actually drove cars, which a lot of women didn’t do, especially in the 20’s. 

• Gabe - like skylar said this was about the time we went from you cant even see girls ankles you creep to little bit less dressy clothing all this fashion actually came from france they were the first to start dressing differently and then that just carried over to europe and america

• Ella - cars, radios and other products were being produced faster and at a better price so there were available to almost everyone. This was becoming known as the “machine era”. Also even more Americans were moving from the country to the city. 

1. 1. Hunter- another part of this time that i personally like…. Was the first Sports car race on May 26th, 1923. Aka the 24 hours of Le Mans. originally it was supposed to be a three year race in order to declare someone the champion. Little more context was that it was an annual race and every three races one winner would be declared.

• Ben - As a culture of change arises in America’s roaring twenties, it made a lot more items commonplace, such as the car, or even things like the refrigerator. Much of this culture influenced how America now works today, and the baseline car only cost $260 ($3,300 today) causing more auto-mobile business to flourish. Things like gas stations and motels made travel easier, providing a fun economy as a sort of calm before the storm situation preceding the market crash.

1. Audrey - After the prohibition there was the rise of a culture of criminal celebrities. Bootleggers and gangster bosses would dominate entire cities with their illegal booze, gambling and other things.

7.

Technology

• Skylar - cinema - the 1920’s were the big BOOM for hollywood films. Tons of new movies were being put out. In the early 20’s they were just silent films, but by 1927 they were finally putting sound in most every movie. Southern California was the most popular place for film production. 

• Gabe - electric was getting big the assembly line was one of the big push forwards in technology it allowed us to increase the time stuff was finished and I believe it was used to make the first cars 

• Ella - Radios!!!!!! Radios made stuff cool. They were said to have  “knitted the nation together,” They broadcast everything, news, music, politics and even comedy. Radios also helped people advertise. 

1. 1. Hunter- The Automatic Watch was an amazing invention that was created by John Harwood, it was the first self-winding watch mechanism. Which lead to what we now know as the wrist watch something that surprisingly is going away due to smart watches. -_-  NO 

• Ben - The telephone is getting normalized and the inventors are trying to figure out how to design it. The “candlestick telephone” was the first with a bell shaped speaker to hold up to the ear and a microphone attached to a pole to speak into. By 1927, the Model 102 had reached America after already being popular in Europe. It has a more recognisable curved two-in-one phone that would stay the same over the next few decades, although the base of the machine was constantly changing.

7.

Inventions/new things/etc.

• Skylar - Medicine - Alexander Flemming was a scottish physician who was the creator of penicillin, which was a substance that could kill different types of bacteria. A lot of people ignored him at first, but people finally opened their eyes and seen what a wonderful thing it was. 

• Gabe - let me just name a few of the inventions that came out in 20s like Washing Machine, Radio, Vacuum cleaner, refrigerator, electric Dishwasher, Sunglasses i use all of these things

• Ella - In 1924, Gustaf Sahlin a sweedish inventor introduced america to a vacuum cleaner, specifically the Electrolux tank vacuum cleaner. The dirt removing efficiency was improved and brooms were forgotten. jK they still had brooms. 

1. 1. Hunter- One invention that made a major contribution was the Ford Model T. One reason is because of the fact that the Ford Model T was made specifically for the middle class to allow transportation for a more affordable price

• Ben - The traffic light was invented after a police officer coming from detroit witnessed multiple car crashes on a day to day basis, his name was William Potts and he created it based off of railroad signals. He then sold it for a whopping $40,000 dollars, which might not sound like much for such an invention but inflation calculates that it would be over $500,000 dollars today.

1. Audrey - The first drive-in restaurant was opened in 1921. It started with a chain of restaurants in texas called the Pig Stand. The first one was on a highway between Dallas and Fort Worth. People would drive up to the restaurant, stay in their car and be greeted by a carhop and they would serve the people burger and fries on a tray that clipped onto the cars window. Later this turned into the drive thru.

B b Write a paragraph about each of the underlined topics. 

 If possible, try to use some of the topics from your lists.

European Front

skskskskskskskskskSkylar - the invasion of Italy started on September 3rd, 1943. This happened during the early stages of the Italian campaign of World War II. General Sir Harold Alexander was the one who “called” this invasion. His hopes were to take out Italy completely to reduce the shipping capacity that was needed to help the allied forces. 

*if the next person wants to talk about what actually happened*

umbrElla - The invasion took place on mainland Italy. The main “invasion force” happened around Salerno on September 9 on the west coast, while two other operations took place in Calabria and Taranto

Emma - After Germany had started invading all the surrounding countries, France was one of the first countries to declare war on Germany. By 1940, they were invaded by the Nazis and quickly fell. After this, they were divided when Germany created what was called Vichy France (because of the city of Vichy which was made capital). They took over the southeastern section of France and installed their own people and military to rule it. The northern and western sections remained free for a couple of years, but later in 1942 were taken by Germany as well.

Gabe - from 1943 to 1945 a number of 60,000 allies were killed and 38,000 - 150,000 Germans were killed just in Italy the number of allied casualties were over 320,000 while the german casualties were over 330,000 Italy suffered 200,000 

Illyana-The Allied invasion of Italy took place, during World War II (1939-1945). Having driven German and Italian troops from North Africa and Sicily, the Allies decided to invade Italy in September 1943. Landing in Calabria and south of Salerno, British and American forces pushed inland.

Audrey - Egypt had no part of the war but the Suez Canal (which is in Egypt) did. It’s a passage between the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. It made it where you wouldn’t have to go all the way around Africa to get from Europe to the Indian Ocean. The British had control of it and obviously wanted to protect it so it would stay theirs but the Axis (Germany, Italy, Japan) would have loved to have it. So in Oct. 1942, the British are able to defeat the Axis and push them back all the way to Tunisia.

Pacific Front

Ella - The battle of Midway took place in the pacific, in June 1942. It was a naval battle that took place six months after the attack on pearl harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The united states navy defeated a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy. A  Military historian named  John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare"

Emma - Another major battle within the pacific front of the war was the battle of Okinawa. On April 1st of 1945, the allies invaded the Japanese island. For this battle, the United States created the tenth army, which was unlike any others because it had its own Air Force and naval forces. This battle was remembered for the intense level of fighting and was referred to as the “typhoon of steel”. The battle lasted 82 days and didn’t end until June 22.

Illyana- The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War and  was the center of World War II that was fought in the Pacific ocean and Asia also Okinawa became the bloodiest battle of the Pacific

Audrey - In 1944 the US was taking control of islands close to the Japanese mainland. They used the islands for their B-29 bombers to land and take off because they were way too heavy to land on a carrier. They could land on the island, refuel or get supplies and then take off again. With this, the US could get bombing attacks directly on Japan so they could get closer to the end of the war.

Skylar - the Doolittle raid, also known as the Tokyo raid, was named after Colonel Doolittle, who started this raid. What Colonel Doolittle wanted to happen was for the united states to attack japan, and bomb the mainland. Their plan was to send a carrier that could drop the bomb about 1000 miles away from the coast. After that they planned to send 16 B-25 bombers to the mainland of Japan- they actually followed through with their plan, but it didn’t quite go as planned, 14 of the 80 crewmen went MIA or died, but the united states still took this as a win.

Gabe - The Pacific Front was the allies against the Japanese and the Japanese wouldn't stop fighting man woman child and its because the generals convinced the people that Americans were evil and we were cannibals going to eat them “talk about fake news” finally after 2 atomic bombs Japanese surrendered and if you have ever read Japanese culture its not in there nature to surrender they actually would have there generals suicide rather than surrender but i heard a story about the Japanese and how when they surrendered to the allies the Americans didn't humiliate them they just treated them as equals and the person telling the story says that even if they were having someone surrender to them they would have humiliated the surrendering country which i think is something amazing about Americans as a whole because weren't there to win we were there to end the conflict

Mediterranean Front and Africa

Gabe - North Africa didn't go so well for the Britain Italy started deploying motorized divisions along with Germany's Afrika Korps they pushed the British 100 mi east basically into Egypt and after that, the Siege of Tobruk began and they advanced into egypt 

Illyana- one major resistance was the North African campaign of the Second World War took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco and Algeria, as well as Tunisia

Skylar - the Battle of the Mediterranean was the name for the naval campaign that was fought in the Mediterranean Sea. this lasted from the 10th of June 1940 to May 2nd, 1945. This battle was mostly fought between the Italian and the British. They were mainly supported by Poland, Greece, the Netherlands, and Australia. American naval and air units joined in 1942.

Audrey - 

The Holocaust

Ella - The holocaust was a time between 1941 and 1945 where around six million European Jews lost their life due to Nazi Germany. Most of them lost their lives from having to do extreme labor or dying in gas chambers, lol brutal  

Illyana- during the Holocaust all Jews were made to wear a yellow star of David on all of their clothes and if Nazis saw you without it you were brutally beaten most of the time to death. Most of the Jews went into hiding during those four years like Anne Frank who is famous for hiding out in the walls which was made a bunker for her and her family above her father’s bank(also my family has a swastika patch which is cool but at the same time disturbing because we are Christians)

Gabe - The german Wehrmacht which was there military became like police but with more power and they participated in the holocaust this consisted of searching homes to find jews or anyone they just didnt like would work take them as prisoners and most likely kill them they also killed pow’s and they allowed scientists to do horrible things to these people

Skylar - im going to talk a little bit more about Anne Frank. Anne Frank is one of the most talked-about people during the holocaust. She kept a diary that was published. She talked about her struggles and how scared she was. The diary was written for two years from 1942 to 1944. It has movies and plays to kind of try to show the way she lived.

Audrey - During the Holocaust around 6 million Jews were killed. This was ⅔ of the Jews in Europe and 1.5 million of them were children. It wasn’t just the Jews being killed though. Over 10 million civilians were killed, 3 million prisoners of war, and hundreds of thousands of both gypsies and people with disabilities were also killed.

Leaders

Illyana- The Allied powers were led by Winston Churchill (United Kingdom); Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union); Charles de Gaulle (France); and Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (United States). The Axis powers were led by Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), and Hideki Tojo (Japan)

Ella - Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Nazi Party as well as a German politician. His dictatorship lasted from 1933 -1945. He was not nice. He invaded Poland on September 1st 1939 initiating the war and he played a big role in the holocaust. He died by shooting himself in the head.

Gabe - Joseph Stalin he was a leader of the soviet union or Russia today he was, in fact, a dictator which means basically whatever he says goes and he says communism is cool so it kinda sucked especially when he decides that he wants to do a great purge and imprison and kill about 700,000 people

Skylar - Harry Truman was the president of the United States, he served as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. In the two months that he was apart of World War II he dropped two atomic bombs, one on Hiroshima and the second one on Nagasaki, both during warfare to end the war. 

Aftermath 

Ella - after World War II ended, millions of people were homeless. Europe's economy had collapsed and most of its industrial infrastructure had been destroyed. This caused the US Secretary of State George Marshall to come up a plan he called “European Recovery Program” later to be known as the “Marshall Plan”. Because of the plan, the US gave $13 billion, ($146 billion in 2018)  for the reconstruction of Western Europe. 

Gabe - there was a lot of people who wanted to execute all germans affiliated with war and America was like nuh-uh we are going to give them a fair trial and there was a lot of them that were killed still but there was quite a few who just got life sentences i mean its better than death

Skylar - When World War 2 ended it was the start of a new era. This started the rise of the united states, as well as the soviet union. Other places, like the united kingdom, were struggling through. Their economy had almost completely went to crap. The united states did help them by doing the lend-lease in 1941. 

Illyana- Europe and Russia were hit the worst in the aftermath of WWII which actually help out us Americans build up our economy without the Europeans butting in. without WWII our world would be completely different