During this episode, Bill and Steve talk about nature's junk food - sap! Join the guys as they cover how sap moves through Maple trees, as well as how climate change will affect Maples and the sap collecting season. They also interview two volunteers at the Beaver Meadow Audubon Center about turning Maple sap into syrup, cream, and sugar. Enjoy the episode!

Useful links:

Beaver Meadow Audubon Center:
http://www.buffaloaudubon.org/beavermeadow.php

Buffalo Audubon Society:
http://www.buffaloaudubon.org/

One of the best breakdowns I’ve ever read about what’s specifically happening inside maples with regard to sap, sugar, and tapping - https://botanistinthekitchen.blog/2013/03/18/maple-syrup-mechanics/#comments

The website for the University of Vermont Proctor Maple Research Center is a treasure trove of information on maple research: http://www.uvm.edu/~pmrc/?Page=publications.html

Learn About the Science of Maple Sugaring - http://www.caryinstitute.org/newsroom/learn-about-science-maple-syrup

Work Cited:

Ball, David W. "The chemical composition of maple syrup." Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 84, no. 10, 2007, pp. 1647

Brown, Laura J., Daniel Lamhonwah, and Brenda L. Murphy. "Projecting a spatial shift of Ontario's sugar maple habitat in response to climate change: A GIS approach." The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 59.3 (2015): 369-381.

Copenheaver, Carolyn A., et al. "Decreased radial growth in sugar maple trees tapped for maple syrup." The Forestry Chronicle 90.6 (2014): 771-777.

Copenheaver, Carolyn A., et al. "Dendroclimatic Responses of Sugar Maple Tapped for Maple Syrup: A Case Study from Pennsylvania." Tree-Ring Research 73.1 (2017): 35-41.

Duchesne, Louis, and Daniel Houle. "Interannual and spatial variability of maple syrup yield as related to climatic factors." PeerJ 2 (2014): e428. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.428

Farrell, Michael L., and Richard C. Stedman. "Landowner attitudes toward maple syrup production in the northern forest: A survey of forest owners with ≥ 100 acres in Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 30.4 (2013): 184-187.

Groffman, Peter M., et al. "Long-term integrated studies show complex and surprising effects of climate change in the northern hardwood forest." BioScience 62.12 (2012): 1056-1066.

Hopkins, William G. Introduction to plant physiology. No. Ed. 2. John Wiley and Sons, 1999.

Mozumder, Pallab, et al. "Risk perceptions and adaptation to climate variability: Survey evidence from maple syrup farmers." International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics™ 36.4 (2015): 1-17.

Rapp, Joshua M., and Elizabeth E. Crone. "Maple syrup production declines following masting." Forest Ecology and Management 335 (2015): 249-254.

Skinner, Christopher B., Arthur T. DeGaetano, and Brian F. Chabot. "Implications of twenty-first century climate change on Northeastern United States maple syrup production: impacts and adaptations." Climatic Change 100.3-4 (2010): 685-702.

Stephen N. Matthews & Louis R. Iverson (2017) Managing for delicious ecosystem service under climate change: can United States sugar maple (Acer saccharum) syrup production be maintained in a warming climate?, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 13:2, 40-52, DOI: 10.1080/21513732.2017.1285815http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2017.1285815