Stephen Billings talks about the long-term effects of early interventions for children exposed to lead. This episode was first posted in November 2019.

"Life after Lead: Effects of Early Interventions for Children Exposed to Lead" by Stephen B. Billings and Kevin T. Schnepel.

"Lead Wars: The politics of science and the fate of America's children" by Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner.

"Lead exposure and behavior: Effects on antisocial and risky behavior among children and adolescents" by Jessica Wolpaw Reyes.

"Environmental policy as social policy? The impact of childhood lead exposure on crime" by Jessica Wolpaw Reyes.

"Do low levels of blood lead reduce children's future test scores?" by Anna Aizer, Janet Currie, Peter Simon, and Patrick Vivier.

"Lead and juvenile delinquency: New evidence from linked birth, school, and juvenile detention records" by Anna Aizer and Janet Currie.

"Toxic truth: Lead and fertility" by Karen Clay, Margarita Portnykh, and Edson Severnini.

"Lead exposure and violent crime in the early Twentieth Century" by James J. Feigenbaum and Christopher Muller.

"The social cost of leaded gasoline: Evidence from regulatory exemptions" by Alex Hollingsworth and Ivan Rudik.

"Flight from urban blight: lead poisoning, crime and suburbanization" by Federico Curci and Federico Masera.

Episode 1 of Probable Causation: Chloe Gibbs.