Mark Nanos discusses his interest in Jewish history and his focus on reading the New Testament, particularly Paul, from a more Jewish perspective. He explains how his research and writing have challenged traditional interpretations of Paul and the Jewish tradition. Nanos emphasizes the importance of reframing the language used to discuss Jewish law and sacred teaching. He also explores the concept of creating a new culture of understanding and the role of the Shema as a unifying theological proposition in Paul's work. Nanos concludes by discussing the conversion of Gentiles into Jews and the significance of reading Romans 11 in light of the Shema. In this conversation, Mark Nanos discusses Paul's teaching and behavior, his audience and assumptions, and the importance of understanding the Jewish context. He clarifies that Paul's target audience is primarily non-Jews who are being socialized into a Jewish movement. Nanos emphasizes the distinction between the rhetorical audience and the historical audience in Paul's letters. He also explores the role of the Shema in Paul's writings and the acknowledgement of other gods in ancient Israelite culture. Nanos recommends various resources for further study and shares his personal reading preferences. If you would like to support the podcast financially, $5 a month will get you access to episodes a week before they are released for free at patreon.com/ItMeansWhatItMeansPodcast.