Introduction

Welcome back to Vine Abiders, where we study the words of Jesus verse by verse and learn what it really means to live as His disciples. In this study, we’ve come to one of the most misunderstood teachings in all of Scripture — “An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.”

For many of us, that phrase immediately brings to mind vengeance or retribution — the idea of getting even. But as we’ll see, that’s not what the law originally meant at all. Jesus wasn’t overturning the Old Testament here; He was deepening it, revealing the heart behind it.

This section of the Sermon on the Mount, found in Matthew 5:38–42, teaches something radical: the way of non-resistance — not retaliating when wronged, not clinging to our rights, and trusting God to be our defender.

The Pattern of the Sermon on the Mount

Throughout this section of the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus follows a clear pattern.

He quotes a command from the Old Testament — “You have heard that it was said…” — and then amplifies it to reveal the deeper heart behind the law:

* “You shall not murder” → Don’t even be angry.

* “You shall not commit adultery” → Don’t even lust.

* “Love your neighbor” → Love even your enemies.

In each case, Jesus affirms the law’s moral foundation, but then intensifies it. He takes it from the realm of outward compliance to inward transformation.

So when He says, “You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth,’” He isn’t contradicting Moses. He’s revealing the spiritual principle beneath it — and pushing it further.

What “An Eye for an Eye” Really Meant

The law of “eye for eye, tooth for tooth” comes from Leviticus 24:17–20 and similar passages in Exodus 21 and Deuteronomy 19.

“If a man injures his neighbor, just as he has done, so it shall be done to him: fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth.”

This wasn’t a call to revenge. It was a sentencing guideline — a judicial principle of proportional justice. Its purpose was to limit punishment, not to encourage it. It was designed to ensure that justice was measured, fair, and equal — preventing the endless cycles of blood feuds that plagued ancient societies.

In fact, this law was rarely practiced literally in Israel’s history. Over time, it was replaced by monetary compensation. By Jesus’ day, Israel was under Roman occupation and had no authority to carry out capital punishment — that’s why the Jews had to bring Jesus before Pilate.

Why These Laws Existed

God gave these laws to Israel as a way to restrain sin and preserve holiness in a fallen world. They acted as guardrails, protecting His people from moral chaos.

In a small, tightly knit community where disobedience carried severe consequences, sin was taken seriously. Even if we call that “legalism,” it worked. It kept evil in check.

But Israel drifted from this system. By the time of the Judges, Scripture says, “Everyone did what was right in his own eyes.” The guardrails were gone — and corruption flourished.

A Law Meant to Limit Vengeance

For years, I misunderstood this verse. I thought Jesus was overturning the Old Testament, saying, “The law told you to take revenge, but I tell you not to.”

But that’s not what’s happening.

Jesus wasn’t rejecting the Mosaic law — He was affirming its intent and intensifying its application.

The original law — “eye for an eye” — limited vengeance. Jesus takes it a step further:

“You’ve heard it said: Don’t take more than what’s owed.But I say: Don’t take vengeance at all. Don’t even resist an evil person.”

That’s the pattern we’ve seen all along. It’s not reversal, it’s revelation.

A Biblical Example: Escalating Vengeance

In Genesis 34, when Dinah was raped, her brothers responded by killing every man in the city. That’s vengeance without restraint — a tragic example of how quickly justice can spiral into bloodshed.

The law of “eye for an eye” was meant to stop that cycle — to prevent violence from escalating endlessly.

Where vengeance multiplies destruction, God’s justice limits it.

Justice vs. Vengeance

There’s a crucial difference between justice and vengeance.

When justice is carried out lawfully, within God’s order, it’s obedience. But when someone takes matters into their own hands — acting outside of that system — it becomes vengeance.

That’s true both in ancient Israel and today. Even in modern courts, when a judge issues a sentence according to the law, it’s not personal revenge. It’s the lawful administration of justice.

In the same way, when God commanded Israel to carry out sentences, it wasn’t about emotional retaliation — it was about obedience to His law.

The Call to Non-Resistance

Then Jesus takes it deeper.

“Do not resist an evil person.If someone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.”

This is one of the hardest teachings in Scripture. It’s the call to non-retaliation — to live in a way that mirrors Christ’s meekness, even when wronged.

The early church took this seriously. In the first few centuries of Christianity, non-resistance was one of the defining marks of a true disciple.

They believed Jesus meant what He said. And because they lived that way, they stood out in a world of violence and pride.

The Apostles Reaffirm the Same Teaching

Paul, Peter, and the early church all reaffirm this same principle.

Romans 12:17–21 says:

“Never pay back evil for evil to anyone... Never take your own revenge...Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.”

1 Thessalonians 5:15:

“See that no one repays another with evil for evil.”

1 Peter 3:9:

“Do not return evil for evil or insult for insult, but give a blessing instead.”

The apostles didn’t soften Jesus’ command. They doubled down on it.

Why Vengeance Feels So Good — and Why It’s So Dangerous

There’s a reason we love revenge stories. They light up something in our brains — that little dopamine hit when the bad guy “gets what’s coming.”

But Jesus calls us to walk away from that emotional payoff. That’s not the Kingdom’s way.

Ignatius, one of the early church fathers, said:

“When you are wronged, be patient.When slandered, bless.When persecuted, endure.When hated, return love.When cursed, pray.”

That’s what it means to follow Christ.

Martin Luther’s Reversal

Interestingly, Martin Luther rejected this teaching outright. He called it “foolishness” to turn the other cheek. To Luther, the Sermon on the Mount wasn’t meant to be lived — it was meant to show us that we can’t live it.

He believed Jesus’ impossible standard was meant only to drive us to grace.

But that interpretation — though influential — departs from how the early church read these words. They saw the Sermon on the Mount not as an unattainable ideal, but as a blueprint for discipleship.

And they lived it — even when it cost them their lives.

When You’re Wronged

Jesus also says,

“If anyone wants to sue you and take your shirt, let him have your coat also.”

That’s not natural. It’s faith in action.

Paul echoes this in 1 Corinthians 6:7:

“Why not rather be wronged? Why not rather be defrauded?”

That’s radical obedience. It’s trusting God when you’re being mistreated.

Why? Because obedience isn’t about results — it’s about trust. God says, “Vengeance is Mine.” Do we trust Him enough to let Him handle it?

The Second Mile

“If anyone forces you to go one mile, go with him two.”

Roman soldiers had the right to force civilians to carry their packs for one mile. Jesus tells His followers to go two.

That’s not weakness — that’s witness.That’s showing the world what grace looks like in action.

Giving Without Resistance

“Give to him who asks of you, and do not turn away from him who wants to borrow from you.”

This isn’t just about generosity — it’s about non-resistance in giving. When someone asks, we don’t withhold.

It’s a call to open-handedness — to live with the same self-giving spirit that Jesus displayed.

Why Live This Way?

Why would anyone live like this — refusing to retaliate, giving up their rights, letting others take advantage?

Because Jesus promised there’s a reward for those who do.

“Love your enemies, do good, lend expecting nothing in return,and your reward will be great, and you will be sons of the Most High.”— Luke 6:35–36

“Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake,for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.”— Matthew 5:10

“If you are insulted for the name of Christ, you are blessed,because the Spirit of glory and of God rests upon you.”— 1 Peter 4:14

When we refuse vengeance, God takes up our cause.He shapes our character, strengthens our hope, and uses our lives as a witness to the world.

Conclusion: The Way of Trust

God’s eye is on the one who refuses vengeance.He fights for them, provides for them, shapes them, and uses their obedience to change others.

That’s faith — trusting that if we live His way, He’ll take care of the rest.

The early church believed that, lived that, and the world was never the same.

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