Faith and Reason Exchange

Adam and David discuss epistemology, defining it as the theory of knowledge that addresses how we know what we know and how confident we can be in our knowledge. They explore the historical foundations of epistemology, focusing first on the philosophical approaches of Plato and Aristotle, then moving into the contemporary implications of our epistemological assumptions.

David and Adam begin by discussing the 8th-century iconoclast controversy. They cover the distinction between veneration and worship, noting that both Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions view icons as windows to a prototype rather than objects of worship. Adam provides historical context on the controversy, including the role of Emperor Leo III and the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, which affirmed the use of icons. They also highlight John of Damascus, who argued that the Incarnation justified the use of images of Christ and saints, and discussed his unique position living under the Umayyad caliphate. The conversation touches on the differences between Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Lutheran views on icons and sacraments, as well as the broader concept of a sacramental view of reality.

This episode focuses on Dr. Mike Horton's three-volume book series, The Divine Self, which explores the history and ideas behind the "spiritual but not religious" phenomenon. They discuss how Mike's research traces these ideas back to ancient sources like Plato and the Orphic and Dionysian myths, where philosophy and mysticism were intertwined. Mike explains that the core of this movement is radical autonomy—the belief in an inner divine spark that rejects external authority like Scripture or the church. He connects this to Gnosticism and argues that modern transhumanism, particularly among Silicon Valley "tech bros" like Peter Thiel, is a contemporary form of Gnostic theology that views the body as a failed container to be transcended. The conversation also touches on how radical pietism and the Enlightenment shifted the focus from objective revelation to subjective experience and universal morality. Mike noted that this trajectory has led to a widespread rejection of institutional religion in favor of a self-defined spirituality.

Are the architects of artificial intelligence playing God? David and Adam explore the increasingly ambitious—and sometimes disturbing—visions of AI's leading innovators, many of whom see artificial intelligence as the next step in evolution, potentially surpassing or even replacing humanity. From AI agents communicating behind the scenes to Anthropic's efforts to give Claude a moral compass, the conversation raises profound questions about technology, ethics, and what it means to be human. At the heart of the discussion is a fundamental clash of worldviews: a materialistic understanding of humanity versus the Christian conviction that human beings are uniquely created in the image of God. David and Adam examine what happens when technological power outpaces philosophical wisdom—and why getting our understanding of humanity right matters now more than ever.

David and Adam explore the role that reason plays in a life of faith lived in today's world.