The transition from quantum to classical behavior of complex systems,
known as dephasing, has fascinated physicists during the last decades.
Disordered systems provide an insightful environment to study the
dephasing time \tau_\varphi, since electron interference leads to
quantum corrections to classical quantities, such as the weak-
localization correction \Delta g to the conductance, whose magnitude
is governed by \tau_\varphi. In this thesis, we study one of the
fundamental questions in this field: How does Pauli blocking influence
the interaction-induced dephasing time at low temperatures? In general,
Pauli blocking limits the energy transfer \omega of electron
interactions to \omega \ll T, which leads to an increase of
\tau_\varphi. However, the so-called 0D regime of dephasing, reached at
T \ll E_{Th}, is practically the only relevant regime, in which Pauli
blocking significantly influences the temperature dependence of
\tau_\varphi. Despite of its fundamental physical importance, 0D
dephasing has not been observed experimentally in the past. We
investigate several possible scenarios for verifying its existence:
(1) We analyze the temperature dependence of \Delta g in open and
confined systems and give detailed instructions on how the crossover
to 0D dephasing can be reliably detected. Two concrete examples are
studied: an almost isolated ring and a new quantum dot model. However,
we conclude that in transport experiments, 0D dephasing unavoidably
occurs in the universal regime, in which all quantum corrections to
the conductance depend only weakly on \tau_\varphi, and hence carry
only weak signatures of 0D dephasing. (2) We study the quantum
corrections to the polarizability \Delta \alpha of isolated systems,
and derive their dependence on \tau_\varphi and temperature. We show
that \tZeroD dephasing occurs in a temperature range, in which
\Delta \alpha depends strongly (as a power-law) on \tau_\varphi, making
the quantum corrections to the polarizability an ideal candidate to
study dephasing at low temperatures and the influence of Pauli blocking.