Recent advancements in laser technology are quickly moving the frontiers of research: quantum
dynamics can now be investigated in more detail, on new timescales, with an unprecedented
level of control. These new possibilities offer a new ground for the theoretical study of fundamental processes; at the same time, a proper understanding of phenomena involved is necessary
to explain measurements, and to indicate directions for further experiments. This Thesis deals with the theoretical investigation of particular cases of light-matter interaction, in atoms and in dielectrics. Regimes considered here have just become a subject of intensive investigation: they are acquiring more and more relevance as technological advancements make them experimentally accessible.
In the first part of the Thesis I consider a process as fundamental as the single-photon
ionization of atoms: my modeling will include an ultrashort pulse (full width half maximum
~ 100 as = 10^-16 s) exciting an electron to the continuum, and a strong few-cycle near-infrared
laser field. This configuration is suitable to reproduce recent streaking experiments on atoms. I
developed a numerical tool to simulate these dynamics in three dimensions: the process is quite
elaborate and requires an adequate description of multi-electron atoms. With proper approximations
I was able to calculate photoelectron spectra using just a few dipole matrix elements,
which were obtained with the aid of our external collaborators, from refined atomic structure
calculations. The results of our relatively simple tool are in very good agreement with more
sophisticated numerical calculations. In addition to that, I discuss my contribution to the theoretical support of a fundamental experiment [I]: both simulations and measurements indicate a
delay between two different channel of photoemission in neon. A careful investigation of the limit of validity of approximations employed reveals that the Coulomb-Volkov approximation is
not suitable to describe fine details of the interaction with the laser pulse. I also report on our
analysis of experimental data from angle-resolved attosecond streaking.
The second part of the Thesis is devoted to the investigation of inter-band excitations in
dielectrics; driving this process with a high degree of control is on the edge of current technology.
The ultrafast creation of charge carriers in an insulator is intriguing: dielectric properties of
the medium change drastically, revealing features of the peculiar electron dynamics in such a
situation. I have simulated this process solving the time dependent Schroedinger equation for
a single electron in a one-dimensional lattice and analyzed how the charge Q displaced during
the interaction with the pulse depends on laser parameters. These calculations reproduce to a
good extent the behavior observed in the experiment. Both the theory and the experiment
point out a strong dependence of Q on laser parameters: this promises a high degree of control, and at the same time suggests the possibility of a solid-state device to characterize an optical pulse. I also study in detail the modification occurring in the electric response of the sample to the electric field. The purpose of this analysis is to identify some features directly related to dynamics of newly created charge carriers.
During my investigation of electron dynamics during an excitation process, I have often
faced the difficulty to identify quantities which might resemble eigenstates of the time-dependent
Hamiltonian. Similar field-dressed states would describe the distortion due to the field, of eigenstates of the field-free Hamiltonian. A proper definition of field-dressed states would allow a correct interpretation of the wavefunction in terms of instantaneous excited population, which is otherwise impossible to define.