Dryness, tightness, menopause, endometriosis, prolapse, childbirth injury, hysterectomy pain, mesh problems, skin disease, size mismatch, and treatment options explained in plain English
By Red M. Alinsod, MDAlinsod Institute | Revique Medical & AestheticsArlington, Texas
Painful sex is common. But it is not something a woman should be expected to silently endure. Too many just live with it.
The medical term is dyspareunia, which means pain before, during, or after intercourse. Some women feel burning at the opening. Some feel tearing. Some describe “sandpaper.” Others feel deep stabbing pain, pelvic pressure, a “wall,” a tight band, or soreness that lasts for hours or days afterward. The American College of OBGYN notes that nearly 3 out of 4 women have pain with intercourse at some time in their lives.
Common does not mean normal. Pain is not normal.
Painful sex can come from the vulva, the vaginal opening, the vaginal canal, the pelvic floor muscles, the uterus, the bladder, the rectum, prior childbirth injuries, prior surgeries, mesh exposure, endometriosis, menopause, cancer therapy, or skin disease. Often, there is more than one cause. Detective work has to be done.
My goal with this article is simple: to help you understand what may be happening, give you language for your symptoms, and show you that there are thoughtful medical, hormonal, regenerative, pelvic floor, and surgical options when the cause is properly identified. It is a pretty intensive Newsletter this month. Pick and choose what interests you and click on the links that lead to detailed explanations.
Start here: Where does it hurt?
The first question is not “What treatment do you want?”The first question is where is the pain?
Pain at the opening
Pain at the vaginal opening often feels like burning, tearing, stretching, paper cuts, or “too tight.” This can happen with menopausal dryness, Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause, lichen sclerosus, vestibulodynia, scar tissue, childbirth injury, prior labiaplasty, prior vaginoplasty, pelvic floor spasm, or a small/tight introitus. Take a look at these pictures for the many causes of Painful Sex at the opening:
Pain inside the vaginal canal
Vaginal canal pain may feel like friction, dryness, narrowing, rubbing, rawness, or inability to stretch. This can happen after menopause, breastfeeding, hysterectomy, chemotherapy, pelvic radiation, hormone-blocking cancer therapy, scarring, or vaginal stenosis. Here are some causes of Painful Sex that is beyond that you can see on your own:
Deep pain
Deep pain often feels like a collision. Patients say, “It feels like he is hitting something,” or “It only hurts in certain positions.” Deep pain can be related to endometriosis (lining of the uterus found outside the lining of the uterus), adenomyosis (endometriosis in the body of the uterus), fibroids (firm mass of muscle tissue found in the walls of the uterus), ovarian cysts, uterine prolapse, pelvic floor dysfunction, bladder pain, bowel pain, hysterectomy scarring, vaginal cuff tenderness, or cancer-treatment changes. Mayo Clinic lists deep thrusting pain as a dyspareunia pattern and includes endometriosis, uterine prolapse, adenomyosis, pelvic floor conditions, ovarian cysts, hysterectomy scarring, radiation, and chemotherapy among possible causes. Here are examples of pictures of the most common cause of Pelvic Pain: Endometriosis.
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Pressure, bulging, or “uncontrollable” sex
A bulge, pressure, heaviness, looseness, blocked feeling, bowel trapping, or bladder urgency during sex may point toward pelvic organ prolapse: cystocele, rectocele, uterine prolapse, vaginal vault prolapse, or enterocele.
* Transvaginal Uterine Suspension with Dermal Allograft Surgery
Partner pain
Sometimes the partner feels hard “rocks” constipation stools. He can also feel poking, scratching, or sharpness. This can happen when mesh or permanent suture is exposed in the vagina. The FDA specifically advises patients with mesh to notify their provider if they have persistent vaginal bleeding or discharge, pelvic or groin pain, or pain with sex.
Let’s systematically go over the main causes of Painful Sex once more in a bit more detail. This is not an exhaustive list but it does cover all the main culprits. I will organize and number them and also give you some of the therapies I use in my office to manage the problems:
1. Menopausal dryness, tightness, and Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
One of the most common and most under-treated causes of painful sex is Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause, or GSM.
GSM is the modern term for what used to be called vaginal atrophy or atrophic vaginitis. It is broader and more accurate because the problem affects more than the vagina. GSM can involve the vulva, labia, clitoris, vaginal opening, vaginal canal, urethra, bladder, and pelvic tissues.
GSM can happen with:
natural menopausesurgical menopause after ovary removalhysterectomy with hormonal changeschemotherapypelvic radiationbreast cancer endocrine therapyanti-estrogen medicationsbreastfeedingperimenopausemedications that reduce arousal or lubrication
ACOG explains that low estrogen can thin, dry, and inflame the vaginal walls, reducing lubrication, elasticity, and tissue comfort. Vaginal dryness can also happen after childbirth, breastfeeding, cancer treatment, or anti-estrogen medications.
* The Aging Vagina and GSM
What low estrogen does to the tissue
Estrogen helps maintain vaginal and vulvar tissue thickness, moisture, blood flow, elasticity, pH balance, lubrication, and resistance to tearing. When estrogen stimulation drops, the tissue can become thin, dry, pale, tight, fragile, and inflamed.
Women often describe:
“sandpaper” sexburning at the openingtearing at the bottom of the vaginableeding after sexdryness that lubricant does not fixtightness that feels newpain with pelvic examsurinary urgency or recurrent UTIsloss of confidence and desire because sex now hurts
This is not simply a lubrication problem. It is a tissue-health problem.
2. “I use lubricant and it still hurts”
Lubricant is helpful, but lubricant does not rebuild estrogen-deprived tissue.
Lubricants reduce friction during sex. Moisturizers improve day-to-day tissue hydration. Both can be valuable. The 2025 AUA/SUFU/AUGS GSM guideline recommends vaginal moisturizers and lubricants to improve dryness and painful sex.
But if the underlying issue is GSM, many patients need more than lubricant. Pull out the vaginal estrogens and Carboxytherapy and think about radiofrequency treatments such as ThermiVa or even the vaginal lasers. They both work well.
The same guideline recommends offering local low-dose vaginal estrogen for GSM-related vulvovaginal dryness, discomfort, irritation, and dyspareunia. It also recommends offering vaginal DHEA as an option for GSM-related dryness and painful sex.
Vaginal Estrogen Options
Vaginal estrogen can come as a cream, tablet, insert, or ring. ACOG explains that low-dose vaginal estrogen releases a small dose directly into the vaginal tissue to help restore thickness and elasticity and relieve dryness and irritation.
Common forms include:
Creams: flexible dosing and useful for vulvar and opening symptomsTablets or inserts: less messy and easy to useRings: steady release over time for patients who prefer less frequent dosing
ACOG states that topical estrogen for vaginal or vulvar dryness and pain with intercourse usually improves symptoms within a few weeks and acts locally on tissues.
For cancer survivors, treatment should be individualized with the oncology team. The American Cancer Society notes that cancer therapy can cause vaginal dryness, thinning, narrowing, shortening, and painful sex, and that vaginal estrogen is sometimes used for dryness, narrowing, and atrophy after discussion with the cancer care team.
Carboxytherapy Options
There is now a Carboxytherapy Gel treatment that gets results even faster than vaginal estrogens. It is made by Lumisque and called CO2LiftV or “The V.” In Latin America, Europe, Asia, carbon dioxide is injected under the skin to cause local tissue trauma and start the healing cascade to form new vessels, stimulate new collagen and elastin formation, and increase local moisture production. It hurts and is is not FDA approved in the USA. The Japanese came up with the same carbon dioxide treatment without the need for needles and with a mixture that created localized carbon dioxide that helped heal the skin. It was first used in the face as a mask then modified to work in feminine genital tissues. And it worked like Rocket Fuel in the speed of results obtained to create vaginal moisture and comfort. Not just for dry and thin skin but also for Lichen Sclerosus.
The stuff works so well it is a CORE product for my Center of Excellence in Arlington, Texas. Go to www.lumisque.comfor info.
Watch this Doctor Discussion on CO2LiftV:
Doctor Discussion on The V
How CO2LiftV is Helping Patients, From a Panel of Urogynecologists
3. Tightness is not always vaginismus
Many women say, “I think I’m too tight.” That may be true, but the reason matters.
Vaginismus is a type of sexual dysfunction. It happens when vaginal muscles cramp up or spasm involuntarily. We call them Levator Muscle Spasms. dYou can get aroused, get wet, but penetration is a No No and hurts too much. Even the touch of a QTip swab may incapacitate a patient!
A woman may feel tight because of GSM dryness. She may have scar tissue from birth, episiotomy, perineal tearing, surgery, radiation, mesh, or a prior vaginal repair. She may have lichen sclerosus causing narrowing of the opening. She may have pelvic floor muscle guarding because sex has hurt for months or years. She may have vaginal stenosis after cancer therapy or surgery. An exam will help identify the problem. See a gynecologist and not a plastic surgeon or cosmetic surgeon or dermatologist. Family Practice specialists can be very helpful on the other hand.
Cleveland Clinic describes vaginal stenosis as narrowing and shortening of the vagina from scar tissue, often after childbirth, surgery, or pelvic radiation, and notes that treatment may include vaginal dilators, estrogen medication, or vaginal moisturizers.
The treatment for tightness depends on the cause. Dry tissue needs tissue restoration. Scar bands may need release. Pelvic floor spasm may need pelvic floor therapy. Lichen sclerosus needs skin-directed treatment. A shortened vaginal cuff after hysterectomy requires a different evaluation. Dilator work may be needed.
Summary of what you can do for yourself: Vaginal estrogens, progressive dilator use, pelvic floor physical therapy, Carboxytherapy, Radiofrequency treatments such as ThermiVa.
4. Endometriosis, adenomyosis, and collision-type deep pain
Deep pain during sex often has a pelvic source.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis occurs when tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus. Look back at the pictures I showed earlier. Notice it can involve the ovaries, fallopian tubes, pelvic lining, bowel, bladder, uterosacral ligaments, and tissue behind the vagina. Mayo Clinic lists pain during or after sex as a common symptom of endometriosis.
Endometriosis can cause adhesions, scarring, and inflammation. During deep penetration, those tender or fixed areas may be hit or stretched, creating sharp “collision” pain that may last long after sex. The treatments for this are can be medication such as birth control pills, progesterone, and even medical menopause inducing shots to stop or reduce estrogen production that cause endometriosis to act up. Often times those medications fail and surgery to get rid of adhesions, chocolate spots, or remove organs such as the uterus, tube, and ovaries, may be needed.
ACOG’s 2026 endometriosis diagnostic guideline focuses on improving evaluation and diagnosis for reproductive-aged adults and adolescents with symptoms suggestive of endometriosis. Your gynecologist can help with the diagnosis.
Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis happens when endometrial tissue grows into the muscle wall of the uterus. It can make the uterus enlarged, tender, heavy, crampy, and painful. Mayo Clinic lists heavy or long-lasting periods, severe cramping, chronic pelvic pain, painful sex, and lower abdominal pressure among adenomyosis symptoms.
Patients may describe deep aching, cramping after sex, pelvic heaviness, or a bruised feeling when the uterus is contacted.
The definitive treatment is to remove the uterus. A hysterectomy. It does not always work because those spots of endometrial tissue can implant in other places such as the bladder, the top of the vagina, the lining of the bowel and just about anywhere else. I have found them in the belly button, the inside of an ankle, on the outside of the labia, the inside of the labia, in the lungs, in the bones. Just about anywhere.
5. Pain after hysterectomy: vaginal cuff tenderness, scarring, and shortened vagina
After a total hysterectomy, the cervix is removed and the top of the vagina is closed. This closed top is called the vaginal cuff.
Many women do well after hysterectomy.
But some develop new pain with sex because of:
vaginal cuff tenderness from unknown cause or short vaginal lengthgranulation tissue from the healing processscar tissue from the suturing can even entrap nervesnarrowing of the vaginal canalpelvic floor spasm triggered by traumatic surgery, vaginal delivery, examinationslack of estrogen stimulationovary removal and surgical menopause results in loss of estrogen producedendometriosis persistence in other locationsmesh or suture exposure when advanced reconstruction is donevaginal vault prolapse (fallen vagina) if the top is not properly anchored
Mayo Clinic includes scarring from pelvic surgery, including hysterectomy, among causes of painful intercourse.
A post-hysterectomy exam should look carefully at the cuff, the vaginal length, tissue mobility, estrogen status, pelvic floor muscles, and whether deep contact reproduces the patient’s pain.
Things you can do by yourself to help: Vaginal Estrogens, Carboxytherapy, Radiofrequency treatments, Dilator work.
6. Lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, and inflammatory vulvar disease
Not all painful sex comes from inside the vagina. Sometimes the problem is the vulvar skin. This is a whole new other level of complex.
Lichen sclerosus
Lichen sclerosus is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory skin condition that often affects the genital and anal areas. Mayo Clinic notes that lichen sclerosus can cause fragile skin, itching, burning, bleeding, open sores, painful sex, and scarring, and that postmenopausal women are at higher risk.
Patients may notice:
white patchesthin or shiny skinitchingburningpaper-cut tearsbleeding after sexpain at the openingclitoral hood scarringnarrowing of the introitus
Lichen sclerosus needs proper diagnosis and long-term follow-up. Treatment often includes high-potency topical steroids, vulvar skin care, estrogen support when GSM is present, and sometimes regenerative or surgical approaches for scarring and narrowing.
* Lichen Sclerosus Part 1: The Silent Itch
* Lichen Sclerosus Part 2: The Silent Itch
Lichen planus and lichenoid disease
Lichen planus can involve the vulva and vagina. Genital lichen planus looks like lacy white patches, sometimes with painful sores, and can cause scarring, severe pain, and painful sex.
Other inflammatory causes include eczema, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen simplex chronicus, recurrent yeast, bacterial vaginosis, allergic reactions, and vestibulodynia.
The same treatments for Lichen Sclerosus often work with Lichen Planus. Go see your dermatologist first. If they cannot help you then we may be able to help with non-standard therapy such as radiofrequency, PRP, Exosomes, Hyaluronic Acid, and lasers.
7. Size mismatch: large penis, small vagina, short vagina, or painful depth
Size mismatch is real, and patients deserve plain language.
Pain may occur when a partner is long, wide, or both — especially if the patient has GSM, scarring, a short vaginal canal, a tender cuff, lichen sclerosus, pelvic floor spasm, vaginal stenosis, prolapse, or prior surgery
Possible solutions may include:
restoring tissue moisture and elasticityusing high-quality lubricanttreating GSM with vaginal estrogen or DHEA when appropriatepelvic floor physical therapydilator therapyposition changes that limit depthpatient-controlled positionsdepth-limiting rings or devicestreating cuff tenderness, endometriosis, or prolapsesurgical correction when scar tissue or distorted anatomy is the cause
A larger partner may simply reveal an underlying medical problem that a smaller partner did not trigger.
Dilator Work
Surgical Band Release
This is usually done in the surgery center but can be done in the office that is well equipped. This same method of band release can be applied to #8 below. Links to surgical Band Release in these two Newsletter Videos:
* Perineal Band Release with Radiofrequency for Dyspareunia
* Sutureless Band Release and the Management of the Tight Introitus
8. Birth trauma, episiotomy scars, and perineal damage
Childbirth can permanently change the perineum, vaginal opening, pelvic floor, and rectovaginal wall.
The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists states that up to 9 in 10 first-time mothers who have a vaginal birth experience some type of tear, graze, or episiotomy. Cleveland Clinic explains that vaginal tears range from first-degree tears to fourth-degree tears involving the anal sphincter and rectum, and notes that complications can include painful intercourse, fecal incontinence, ongoing pain, and soreness.
Most tears heal well. Some do not.
Post-birth causes of painful sex can include:
painful episiotomy scarrigid perineal scarover-tight repairunder-repaired perineal bodygaping or loss of supportrectocelepainful scar bandsgranulation tissuefecal urgency or leakageloss of sensationpelvic floor spasm
Treatments may include pelvic floor therapy, scar massage, topical estrogen, injections, perineoplasty, rectocele repair, revision of episiotomy scar, or reconstruction of the perineal body.
The goal is not simply to make the vagina “tight.” The goal is to restore comfort, anatomy, support, and function.
This is all done in the office under local anesthesia without IVs or intubation or spinals.
9. Pelvic organ prolapse: pressure, bulging, looseness, and painful sex
Take a look at all the prolapse pictures I showed earlier. Pelvic organ prolapse happens when pelvic floor muscles and tissues no longer support the pelvic organs well. The FDA explains that prolapse can involve the vagina, cervix, uterus, bladder, urethra, and rectum, with the bladder being the most commonly involved organ.
Common types include:
Cystocele: bladder bulging into the front vaginal wallRectocele: rectum bulging into the back vaginal wallUterine prolapse: uterus dropping into the vaginaVaginal vault prolapse: top of the vagina dropping after hysterectomyEnterocele: small bowel bulging into the vaginal space
Mayo Clinic describes cystocele symptoms such as pelvic or vaginal pressure, a vaginal bulge, increased pressure with straining, urinary difficulty, incomplete bladder emptying, frequency, and leakage. Rectocele symptoms may include a vaginal bulge, trouble with bowel movements, rectal pressure, incomplete emptying, and sexual concerns such as looseness or embarrassment. Uterine prolapse can cause heaviness, tissue bulging, bladder emptying problems, bowel movement difficulty, pelvic pressure, and sexual concerns.
During sex, prolapse may cause pressure, bulging, air trapping, bowel urgency, bladder urgency, pain, looseness, or a sense that sex is blocked or out of control.
Treatment may include pelvic floor physical therapy, pessary fitting, vaginal estrogen, bowel management, bladder treatment, and surgery when symptoms are significant
* What is the Bulge?
10. Mesh, sutures, and prior surgery complications
Prior surgery can help many women. But prior surgery can also cause pain when scarring, permanent sutures, vaginal shortening, adhesions, or mesh exposure develop.
In 2019, the FDA ordered manufacturers to stop selling surgical mesh intended for transvaginal repair of pelvic organ prolapse because manufacturers had not demonstrated reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. The FDA also notes there are currently no FDA-approved surgical mesh products for transvaginal prolapse repair marketed in the United States.
Mesh-related pain may involve:
vaginal mesh exposurebleeding or dischargepartner discomfortscratchy or poking sensationpelvic paingroin paindyspareuniascar contractionnerve irritationrecurrent prolapseurinary or bowel symptoms
Some patients need estrogen and observation. Some need trimming of a small exposure. Others need complex revision or removal. These are individualized, anatomy-driven decisions.
These simple trims sometimes are inadequate to relive Painful Sex or Pelvic Pain. The entire mesh had to be removed by the finest pelvic surgeons in the land. It is a very tough dissection and excision and not for the faint of heart.
11. When prior labiaplasty or vaginoplasty causes pain
This is a sensitive topic, but it needs to be discussed.
Some patients develop painful sex after prior labiaplasty, clitoral hood reduction, vaginoplasty, perineoplasty, or “tightening” surgery. ACOG cautions that female genital cosmetic procedures can have complications including pain, bleeding, infection, scarring, adhesions, altered sensation, dyspareunia, and need for reoperation. Cleveland Clinic also lists labiaplasty complications such as wound breakdown, scarring, ongoing pain, pain with sex, or loss of sensitivity.
Patients may search online for “botched labiaplasty” or “botched vaginoplasty.” In the office, I prefer to describe what actually happened anatomically:
wound breakdownnotchingpainful scarover-resectionassymetrykeloid or hypertrophic scartethered tissuepainful clitoral hood scarringover-tightened introitusinternal vaginal scar bandsshortened vaginal canaldistorted openingloss of tissue mobility
Revision surgery is highly specialized. It may involve scar release, layered closure, flap advancement, RF Feathering, mucosal advancement, perineoplasty, grafting, fat grafting, or careful reconstruction of the opening and canal. You have to find the highest volume revision specialist to avoid being botched.
The goal is comfort, function, appearance, sensation, and mobility — not simply “making it look better.”
Dr. Alinsod’s professional materials describe his long-standing work in aesthetic vulvovaginal surgery, pelvic reconstructive surgery, physician training, and development of surgical techniques, with more than 28 years of teaching and presentations worldwide.
Examples of Labiaplasty Surgery resulting in Pain:
* Feathering for Botched Labiaplasty Repair
12. Vaginismus and pelvic floor guarding
Vaginismus is involuntary tightening or spasm of the pelvic floor muscles around the vagina. It can make penetration painful or impossible.
Sometimes vaginismus is the main condition. Other times it develops secondarily because the body has learned that penetration hurts. A woman with GSM, endometriosis, lichen sclerosus, birth trauma, mesh pain, or vaginal scarring may begin to guard. The pelvic floor tightens in anticipation of pain, which creates more pain.
Mayo Clinic lists vaginismus as a cause of painful penetration and notes that stress can tighten pelvic floor muscles, contributing to pain during intercourse.
This is why telling a patient to “relax” is not enough. The muscles may be reacting automatically to a real pain generator.
13. Pelvic floor physical therapy and dilator therapy
Pelvic floor physical therapy is often one of the most important parts of treating painful sex, especially when muscle guarding, vaginismus, pelvic floor dysfunction, postpartum injury, scar pain, or chronic pain cycles are present.
Therapy may include:
external and internal muscle assessmenttrigger point releasemyofascial releasescar mobilizationbreathing and nervous system down-trainingbiofeedbackpelvic floor coordinationhome exercisesgraded dilator therapyreturn-to-intercourse planning
Dilators: what they do and what they do not do
Dilators are not used to “force the vagina open.” They are used to gradually teach the tissues and pelvic floor muscles that gentle insertion can be safe.
Memorial Sloan Kettering explains that vaginal dilators can help when the vagina becomes drier, less elastic, narrower, or shorter after menopause, cancer treatment, or surgery, and that patients usually start with the smallest dilator and increase size gradually. Cleveland Clinic describes dilators as a treatment option for pain with penetration and pelvic floor dysfunction, helping gradually improve flexibility and comfort.
A safe dilator plan should be gentle, guided, and never forced. Pain is information. If dilators worsen symptoms, the plan needs to be adjusted. Here is a video example link on Vaginal Softening Exercises to show it is done in my office:
Vaginal Softening Exercise
14. Treatment options: matching the treatment to the cause
Painful sex does not have one universal treatment. The best treatment depends on the diagnosis.
Foundational treatments
Problem: Common treatments:
GSM dryness/tightnessVaginal estrogen, vaginal DHEA, moisturizers, lubricants, vulvar carePelvic floor spasm/vaginismusPelvic floor PT, dilators, breathing, manual therapy, sometimes medications/injectionsLichen sclerosus/lichen planus diagnosis, topical steroids or immune therapy, vulvar care, estrogen if GSM overlaps.
Endometriosis/adenomyosis: Imaging, medical management, surgical evaluation when appropriate.
Birth trauma/scarringScar therapy, estrogen, pelvic floor PT, perineoplasty or revision if neededProlapsePelvic floor PT, pessary, estrogen, bowel/bladder management, prolapse repairMesh exposure/pain, Estrogen, observation, trimming, revision, removal, pelvic floor therapy.
Prior labiaplasty/vaginoplasty pain: Scar release, reconstruction, revision surgery, pelvic floor therapySize/depth mismatch, tissue restoration, position changes, depth control, PT, treatment of anatomy/pain source.
15. Hormonal and prescription options for GSM-related painful sex
Vaginal estrogen
As mentioned earlier, vaginal estrogen is often foundational. It can improve tissue thickness, elasticity, moisture, pH, and comfort. ACOG lists vaginal estrogen creams, rings, and tablets as options that deliver lower estrogen than systemic hormone therapy and have fewer risks.
Vaginal DHEA
Vaginal DHEA, also called prasterone, is a prescription intravaginal option for GSM-related dyspareunia. The 2025 AUA/SUFU/AUGS guideline recommends offering vaginal DHEA for GSM-related dryness and painful sex.
It should not be called “hormone-free,” because it works through local hormone conversion inside tissues. A better phrase is a non-estrogen intravaginal prescription option.
Ospemifene
Ospemifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator that may be used in selected patients for GSM-related dryness or dyspareunia. The 2025 AUA/SUFU/AUGS guideline says clinicians may offer ospemifene for these symptoms.
Vaginal testosterone
Vaginal testosterone is sometimes discussed for low arousal, low sensitivity, vestibular pain, or GSM-related symptoms, but it is generally off-label and evidence is still developing. The 2025 AUA/SUFU/AUGS guideline notes insufficient evidence to support clinical recommendations for vaginal or systemic testosterone for GSM symptoms.
In a Substack article, I would present testosterone as individualized and investigational/off-label, not as a proven standard GSM therapy.
And don’t forget about Carboxytherapy! It is non-hormonal, non-prescription and available at our office.
16. Energy-based treatments, biologics, and regenerative adjuncts
This section is important, and it must be written with balance.
Patients hear about “vaginal rejuvenation,” radiofrequency, lasers, plasma, PRP, and carboxytherapy online. Some patients have had good experiences. Others have been disappointed or harmed. The best approach is honest counseling.
ACOG states that the FDA has not approved laser or other energy-based treatments for vaginal cosmetic surgery, menopausal symptoms, urinary incontinence, or sexual problems, and warns that serious problems can include burns, scarring, pain with sex, and long-lasting pain. With that being said, ACOG is a decade behind the times and closes its eyes to progress made. The energy based devices such as radiofreuquency and lasers are exceptionally safe in the well trained hands. And they work. Go watch the video on this dedicated Newsletter for more details:
The 2025 AUA/SUFU/AUGS GSM guideline states that evidence does not support CO₂ laser, Er:YAG laser, or radiofrequency for GSM-related dryness, discomfort, dysuria, quality of life, satisfaction, or dyspareunia outcomes; it also says CO₂ laser may be considered only in shared decision-making when patients are not candidates for or prefer alternatives to FDA-approved treatments, with disclosure that therapy is experimental outside clinical trials.
That does not mean these tools have no role in any patient. It means they should be framed as adjuncts, not replacements for diagnosis, tissue evaluation, GSM treatment, pelvic floor therapy, or surgery when anatomy is the problem.
* The Synergy of Energy Plus Biologics
ThermiVa radiofrequency
ThermiVa is a radiofrequency technology associated with vulvovaginal tissue heating and tightening. The Alinsod Institute states that ThermiVa was invented by Red Alinsod, MD, and developed in collaboration with ThermiAesthetics. Link for info:
* Feminine Restoration 2024: State-Of-The-Art Introduction to FemXHA
* ThermiVa from Start to Finish
* What is ThermiVa Radiofrequency Treatment?
Jett Plasma / plasmaporation
The Alinsod Institute describes Jett Plasma as a direct-current technology used in vulvovaginal therapy, with proposed mechanisms involving heat, membrane depolarization, and reversible electroporation. Link for info:
* Plasmaporation for Gynecology ISCG 2025
Fractional CO₂ and Erbium lasers
Examples include MonaLisa Touch-type CO₂ platforms and Erbium systems such as Sciton diVa. These should be discussed with clear consent about evidence, FDA status, risks, alternatives, and expected outcomes.
PRP and biologics
Platelet-rich plasma and related biologic approaches are used by some clinicians for tissue quality, sensitivity, lubrication, and healing support. These should also be presented as adjunctive and individualized. Link for info:
* Feminine Restoration 2024: State-Of-The-Art Introduction to FemXHA
* Clitoxin for Improved Female Sexual Response
17. Surgical treatment: when anatomy is the problem
Surgery is not the answer for every patient. But when anatomy is the pain generator, surgery may be the most direct solution.
Surgical options may include:
perineoplastyrevision of episiotomy scarvaginal scar band releasevaginal cuff revisionrectocele repaircystocele repairuterine prolapse repairvaginal vault prolapse repairmesh exposure revision or removallabiaplasty revisionvaginoplasty revisionvulvar scar releaselysis of adhesionsendometriosis surgerybirth trauma reconstruction
A successful surgical plan must respect function, sensation, tissue health, estrogen status, pelvic support, and the patient’s goals.
* It’s Too Tight!
18. Why integrated care matters
Painful sex rarely belongs to only one specialty.
A menopausal patient may also have lichen sclerosus.A prolapse patient may also have GSM.A hysterectomy patient may have cuff pain and pelvic floor spasm.A cancer survivor may have stenosis, dryness, and fear of penetration.A postpartum patient may have scar pain, rectocele, and muscle guarding.A mesh patient may have exposure, estrogen-deprived tissue, and nerve pain.A prior labiaplasty patient may have scar tethering plus vestibular pain.
This is why an integrated approach matters.
At the Alinsod Institute and Revique Medical & Aesthetics in Arlington, Texas, Dr. Red Alinsod, Amy Haddad, RNP, and Dian White, MA, provide a model that brings surgical and non-surgical options together. The Alinsod Institute describes Dr. Alinsod’s work in urogynecology, pelvic reconstructive surgery, aesthetic vulvovaginal surgery, physician education, Gynflix, and innovation in vulvovaginal techniques. Gynflix is as an online training platform for physicians and surgeons in reconstructive pelvic surgery and aesthetic vulvovaginal surgery. The 1st and only one of its kind in the world. 20 years in the making.
Revique Medical & Aesthetics lists services including hormone replacement, peptide therapy, advanced lab testing, women’s intimate health, ThermiVa, Emsella, O-Shot, Clitoxin, and related wellness services.
The goal is not to sell one procedure. The goal is to identify the real cause and match the treatment to the tissue, anatomy, muscles, hormones, and patient goals. The goal is teamwork, excellence, and Platinum Service.
Pelvic Pain Review written by my friend John Paulson:
19: Interstitial Cystitis / Bladder Pain Syndrome: The Great Imitator of Pelvic Pain
Another major cause of painful sex that is often missed is Interstitial Cystitis, also called Bladder Pain Syndrome, or IC/BPS. I am going go spend a bit more time on this because it is so frequently missed and overlooked. The average patient sees about 7 doctors before this diagnosis is even brought up.
IC is a chronic pain condition involving the bladder and surrounding pelvic tissues. It can cause bladder pressure, bladder pain, pelvic pain, urinary urgency, urinary frequency, and pain with sex. Mayo Clinic describes IC as a chronic condition that causes bladder pressure, bladder pain, and sometimes pelvic pain, with pain ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain. It also notes that symptoms can flare with menstruation, stress, sitting for a long time, exercise, and sexual activity.
I often call IC “The Great Imitator” because it can look and feel like so many other pelvic pain conditions.
It can feel like endometriosis.It can feel like adenomyosis.It can feel like a recurrent urinary tract infection.It can feel like pelvic floor spasm.It can feel like vaginal cuff pain after hysterectomy.It can feel like deep dyspareunia or collision pain.It can even trigger burning, urgency, and pelvic pressure that patients may assume is coming from the vagina, uterus, ovaries, or bowel.
This is why IC must be part of a thorough painful-sex evaluation, especially when a patient has chronic pelvic pain, urinary urgency, bladder pressure, pain that worsens with bladder filling, or pain that persists despite treatment for endometriosis.
IC and endometriosis: the “evil twins”
Interstitial cystitis and endometriosis frequently overlap. Some studies in chronic pelvic pain populations have reported very high coexistence rates. One review reported that among patients with endometriosis, 86% were also diagnosed with IC, and among patients with IC, 72% were also diagnosed with endometriosis.
I would word this carefully for patients: “In some chronic pelvic pain studies, IC has been found in nearly 90% of women with endometriosis.” That is powerful and accurate, but it avoids implying that 90% applies to every endometriosis patient in every setting. Broader reviews show wide variation in coexistence rates, with one 2024 meta-analysis reporting coexistence of endometriosis and IC/BPS in chronic pelvic pain populations ranging from 15.5% to 78.3%.
The practical point is this: if a woman has endometriosis and painful sex, bladder pain syndrome should be on the checklist. Treating endometriosis alone may not resolve pain if IC is also present.
What IC feels like
Patients with IC may describe:
bladder pressurepelvic pressureburning pelvic painpain with bladder fillingrelief after urinationurinary urgencyurinary frequencywaking at night to urinatepain during or after sexpain with pelvic examspain that flares before or during the periodpain after certain foods or drinkssymptoms that feel like a UTI but urine cultures are negative
NIDDK explains that IC pain often worsens as the bladder fills and improves after urination. Patients may also feel pain in the groin and pelvic floor muscles, and symptoms may include pelvic pressure, tenderness, urinary urgency, and urinary frequency. Mayo Clinic similarly notes that IC symptoms can resemble a chronic urinary tract infection, but there is usually no infection.
This “UTI feeling without infection” is one of the biggest clues.
Why IC causes painful sex
Sex can irritate the bladder, urethra, pelvic floor muscles, and anterior vaginal wall. For some women, penetration places direct pressure on the bladder base. For others, the pelvic floor muscles tighten in response to bladder pain, creating a secondary vaginismus-like guarding pattern.
This can produce:
burning during penetrationdeep anterior vaginal painbladder pressure during sexurgency during or after sexpain after orgasmpelvic cramping after sexa flare that lasts hours or days
NIDDK notes that chronic pelvic pain and vulvodynia can be associated with pain during sex, and that sex may increase bladder pain flares in some patients with IC. This is one reason IC can be confused with endometriosis, pelvic floor dysfunction, GSM, vulvodynia, hysterectomy cuff pain, or prolapse-related pressure.
What causes IC?
The exact cause is not fully known. It is likely not one single disease in every patient, but a syndrome with multiple pathways.
Possible contributors include:
a damaged or “leaky” protective bladder liningbladder wall inflammationoveractive pain nervespelvic floor muscle dysfunctionimmune or allergic factorsmast-cell activationprior infections that trigger lingering pain sensitivitycentral sensitization, where the nervous system becomes more reactiveoverlap with other chronic pain conditions such as IBS, fibromyalgia, vulvodynia, migraine, and chronic fatigue
Mayo Clinic states that the exact cause is unknown, but possible contributors include a defect in the protective bladder lining that may allow irritating substances in urine to affect the bladder wall, as well as possible autoimmune, hereditary, infection-related, or allergy-related factors. NIDDK also notes that IC is more likely to occur with other chronic pain conditions, gastrointestinal disorders, allergies, autoimmune diseases, depression, and anxiety.
How IC is diagnosed
There is no single simple test that proves every case of IC. The diagnosis is usually made by listening carefully to the symptoms, examining the pelvis and pelvic floor, ruling out infection, and looking for other conditions that can mimic or coexist with IC.
Evaluation may include:
urinalysis and urine culturepelvic examassessment of pelvic floor tenderness and spasmscreening for endometriosis, adenomyosis, vulvodynia, GSM, and prolapsebladder symptom questionnairescystoscopy in selected patientsevaluation for Hunner lesions in more severe or classic bladder-centered cases
The important point is that repeated antibiotics for “UTIs” without positive cultures may delay the real diagnosis. If the cultures are negative and the symptoms keep returning, IC/BPS deserves consideration.
Treatment for IC/BPS
Treatment is individualized. There is no one-size-fits-all cure, but many patients improve when the correct pain generators are addressed.
Lifestyle and trigger management
Many patients learn that certain foods or drinks flare their bladder. Common triggers include caffeine, carbonated drinks, citrus, tomatoes, alcohol, spicy foods, artificial sweeteners, and high-acid foods. Mayo Clinic lists the “four Cs” as common bladder irritants: carbonated beverages, caffeine, citrus products, and high-vitamin-C foods.
A bladder diary or food diary can help identify patterns without making the patient feel afraid of food.
Bladder training
Bladder training can help reduce urgency and frequency by gradually increasing the time between voids. NIDDK notes that bladder training may help the bladder hold more urine, reduce pain and urgency, and decrease bathroom trips.
Pelvic floor physical therapy
Pelvic floor physical therapy is often essential. Many IC patients have tight, reactive, painful pelvic floor muscles. These muscles may need relaxation, lengthening, trigger-point release, myofascial work, breathing techniques, and down-training.
This is not the same as Kegels. In fact, NIDDK specifically advises that patients with IC symptoms should avoid pelvic floor strengthening exercises such as Kegels unless working with a physical therapist.
Oral medications
Depending on the patient, medications may include:
anti-inflammatory pain relieversbladder pain medicationstricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline to help calm pain signaling and relax the bladderantihistamines in selected patients with allergic or mast-cell featurespentosan polysulfate sodium, also known as Elmiron, in selected cases
Mayo Clinic lists tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, and pentosan polysulfate sodium among medication options for IC. It also notes that pentosan polysulfate may take months to help and has been associated with macular eye disease in some patients, requiring eye monitoring.
Bladder instillations
Some patients benefit from bladder instillations, where medication is placed directly into the bladder through a small catheter. Mayo Clinic describes DMSO bladder instillation and other instillation mixtures that may include lidocaine, sodium bicarbonate, heparin, or pentosan.
Neuromodulation and procedures
For persistent symptoms, options may include TENS, sacral nerve stimulation, bladder hydrodistention, Botox injections into the bladder wall, and treatment of Hunner lesions when present. NIDDK lists neuromodulators, bladder instillation, bladder stretching or hydrodistention, Botox, and electrocauterization of Hunner lesions among treatment approaches.
Surgery is rarely needed for IC and is generally reserved for severe, refractory cases because major bladder surgery does not always cure the pain.
Why IC belongs in a painful-sex article
IC is one of the most important missed diagnoses in women with painful sex and chronic pelvic pain.
A woman may come in thinking she has recurrent UTIs.Another may think her endometriosis has returned.Another may believe her hysterectomy cuff is the only problem.Another may have GSM dryness and bladder pain at the same time.Another may have pelvic floor spasm that started because the bladder was painful.
The key is to look for all contributors, not just the most obvious one.
When IC is present, treating the bladder, pelvic floor, hormones, vulvar tissue, endometriosis, prolapse, or scar pain together can make the difference between partial relief and meaningful recovery.
20. When should you schedule an evaluation?
Consider evaluation if you have:
pain with sex that keeps returningburning, tearing, or bleeding after sexdryness that lubricant does not fixnew tightness after menopause, hysterectomy, childbirth, or cancer therapydeep pelvic pain with penetrationpain after hysterectomypain after labiaplasty or vaginoplastyvulvar itching, white patches, fissures, or scarringa vaginal bulge, pressure, or heavinessdifficulty emptying bladder or bowelpain or partner discomfort after mesh surgerysex that has become impossible or frightening because of pain
You do not need to know the diagnosis before you call. That is what the evaluation is for.
A personal note
Painful sex is not just about sex.
It affects relationships, confidence, mood, sleep, identity, and how a woman feels in her own body. Many women apologize when they finally bring it up.
Please do not apologize. It surely is more common than you think.
Your pain is real. Your story matters. And in many cases, there are answers.
At the Alinsod Institute and Revique Medical & Aesthetics in Arlington, Texas, our goal is to listen carefully, examine respectfully, explain clearly, and build a plan that fits your body and your life.
I hope this Newsletter helps your understanding of Painful Sex. Do something about it. Don’t live with it. Don’t ignore it. It does not get better with time.
Watch how these procedures are done
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