Episode 10 of Brandon Seale's podcast on the Lipan Apaches.

No Native Texan captured Anglo-Texians’ hearts like Lipan Captain Flacco the Younger. His exploits as a Texas Ranger and his people’s defense of Texas’ borders against Mexico make him the darling of Texas newspapers. Texas newspapers fail to distinguish, however, between hostile native Texans and Lipanes living in their midst. And Lipan wealth becomes an irresistible target of Texian raiding and retaliation.

Painting of Flacco the Younger by Jay Hester, available online.

Selected Bibliography
Alonso, Gorka. Apachería.
Anderson, Gary Clayton. The Indian Southwest, 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention (1999).
Anderson, Gary Clayton. The Conquest of Texas (2019).
Baddour, Dylan. “Labeled ‘Hispanic,’” Texas Observer, May/June 2022, July 6, 2022.
Britten, Thomas A. The Lipan Apaches: People of Wind and Lightning (2011).
González Dávila, José Medina. ¿Qué significa ser apache en el siglo XXI?: Continuidad y cambio de los lipanes en Texas (2018).
Lipan Apache Band of Texas – Lipan Apache Band of Texas Claim as a Sovereign Nation
Maestas, Enrique G. M. (2003). Culture and History of Native American Peoples of South Texas. University of Texas at Austin, PhD Dissertation.
Minor, Nancy M. The Light Gray People: An Ethno-History of the Lipan Apaches of Texas and Northern Mexico (2009).
Minor, Nancy M. Turning Adversity to Advantage: A History of the Lipan Apaches of Texas and Northern Mexico, 1700-1900 (2009).
Opler, Morris E. Myths and Legends of the Lipan Apache Indians (1940).
Robinson, Sherry. I Fought a Good Fight: A History of the Lipan Apaches (2013).
Smith, F. Todd. From Dominance to Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Near Southwest, 1786-1859 (2005).

www.BrandonSeale.com