Season 40: America's 250th Anniversary -- 50 states, 25 double-feature episodes. This is Episode 13, coveringRhode Island and North Dakota with two true crime cases from the 1880s and 1890s that circle the samequestion: who do you believe when the dead cannot speak?October 1885. A wealthy Black businessman in Newport, Rhode Island, is found dead at his kitchen table -- twogunshot wounds, unchewed bread still in his mouth. The city calls it suicide before the day is over. Eight yearslater, a hired hand in North Dakota murders six members of the family that trusted him, and a fifteen-year-oldgirl walks barefoot to town to report it.Both killers were inside the circle. Both were trusted. Both destroyed the people who let them in. This episodeexamines what trust costs in a country still deciding which lives deserve investigation and which can be dismissedwith a shrug from the mayor's office.The VictimsBenjamin J. Burton was the wealthiest Black businessman in Rhode Island when he was killed in October 1885.He had arrived in Newport around 1845 from Connecticut and spent four decades building a baggage transferempire -- the Original Express and the Bellevue Avenue Express Line -- moving trunks between the wharvesand the Gilded Age mansions. Burton was a civil rights organizer who helped desegregate Rhode Island's publicschools in 1866, working alongside Isaac Rice and George T. Downing. He was fifty-nine years old. He had beeneating breakfast when he was shot.Daniel and Barbara Kreider were a Mennonite farming family who had relocated from Lancaster County, Penn-sylvania, to a homestead southeast of Cando, North Dakota. Daniel was born in 1856; Barbara came from oneof Lancaster County's most established Mennonite families -- the Rissers, whose meeting house had been incontinuous operation since the 1700s. By summer 1893, they had eight children. Four of those children -- Bernice,thirteen; Murbey, eleven; Mary, nine; and David, seven -- were killed alongside their parents on the morning ofJuly 7, 1893.The CrimesIn Newport, Burton's son-in-law Allen Dorsey -- a medical student at the University of Pennsylvania, one year fromfinishing his degree -- shot Burton at 63 Levin Street on October 6, 1885. The wound sequence was medicallydamning: a shot to the head first, a shot to the heart second. No powder burns. Unchewed bread in the victim'smouth. The city ruled it suicide anyway. The coroner signed off. The mayor ridiculed the idea of murder.In North Dakota, Albert Bomberger -- a twenty-two-year-old hired hand who had lived with the Kreider family forfive years -- killed six family members with a shotgun in thirty minutes after the eldest daughter, Annie, rejectedhis advances and her father told him to leave. After the killings, Bomberger forced fifteen-year-old Annie to cookhis breakfast while the bodies lay in the rooms around her. He ate, ransacked the house, beat Annie with a rope,and fled toward Canada on a stolen pony.The InvestigationIn the Burton case, Newport's official investigation went nowhere. The community Burton had spent forty yearsbuilding ran a parallel investigation through church and civic networks. Seven weeks later, Burton's youngerdaughter Emmie came forward and named Allen Dorsey as the killer and Maria Dorsey as complicit. Her testimonymade prosecution possible. The trial began in late June 1886. Allen and Maria Dorsey were convicted andsentenced to life. Emmie was also convicted -- she had served as lookout -- and died of consumption in the prisoninfirmary within six months. In June 1887, the Burton case was presented to the American Medical Associationat their 38th Annual Meeting as an example of physical evidence clearly indicating murder that official authoritychose to read otherwise.Annie Kreider walked to Cando barefoot. No shoes, no horse, no telephone. Her testimony was the entirefoundation of the prosecution. Bomberger was captured at Deloraine, Manitoba, three days later. The threat oflynching was immediate -- the Grand Forks County sheriff moved Bomberger to a more secure jail. On November21, 1893, Bomberger was arraigned. Two days later, he was sentenced to death. The entire court proceedinglasted fifteen minutes. He was hanged on January 19, 1894 -- the first legal execution in North Dakota history.Historical ContextThese two historical murder cases sit at the edges of American justice in the Gilded Age. In Rhode Island, thesystem initially failed a Black man whose physical evidence was dismissed by the same city he had served fordecades. In North Dakota, a state just four years old produced a fifteen-minute guilty plea and a death sentencein two days -- justice delivered under the shadow of a lynch mob. Allen Dorsey was pardoned in 1912, moved toNew York City, worked as a waiter, and died in 1918. Annie Kreider lived until 1960, carrying that July morning forsixty-seven years.

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This episode is part of Season 40: America's 250th Anniversary -- 50 states, 25 double-feature episodesexploring the cases that shaped American history from every corner of the country.Hawaii, 1889. A Japanese shopkeeper is lynched from a telephone pole on the main street of Honoka'a forspeaking English on behalf of plantation workers. Louisiana, 1887. Ten thousand sugar cane workers strike for cashwages instead of scrip -- and armed paramilitaries sweep through residential streets at dawn, killing between 35and 300 people. Two plantation economies. Two communities who challenged the system. The same answer.The VictimsKatsu Goto was twenty-seven years old when he was killed on October 29, 1889. Born in Japan in 1862, hechanged his family name from Kobayakawa to Goto to qualify for the Hawaii immigration program. He arrived inHonolulu Harbor on February 8, 1885, aboard the SS City of Tokio -- one of 944 immigrants in the first wave ofgovernment-contract Japanese workers under the kanyaku imin program. After three years cutting cane at ninedollars a month on the Hamakua Coast, Goto opened a general store in Honoka'a, the second-largest town onthe Big Island. He spoke English. He used that skill to help Japanese workers file complaints against plantationabuses. That made him a target.In Thibodaux, Louisiana, the victims of the November 23, 1887 massacre were overwhelmingly Black -- formerlyenslaved people and their children who had struck for fair wages during the sugar harvest. Eight names survivedthe historical record: Willis Wilson, Felix Pierre, Archy Jones, Frank Patterson, Grant Conrad, Marcellin Weldon,Riley Anderson, and Mahala Washington. They represent a fraction of those killed. The full death toll has neverbeen established.The CrimesOn the night of October 28, 1889, Katsu Goto rode on horseback to Robert Overend's plantation to meet withJapanese workers who had been fined for a cane field fire they may not have set. He left the meeting around teno'clock. Six men were waiting on the road: Joseph R. Mills, Thomas Steele, William C. Blabon, William D. Watson,John Richmond, and a man identified only as Lala. Goto was found the next morning hanging from a telephonepole on Honoka'a's main street. The coroner determined he died of asphyxiation -- he was alive when the ropewent around his neck.In Louisiana, the 1887 sugar strike began on October 29 when approximately 10,000 workers laid down their caneknives at the start of harvest season. The Knights of Labor had demanded $1.25 per day in cash wages, eliminationof the scrip system, and biweekly payment. Governor Samuel Douglas McEnery -- himself a planter -- deployedeleven companies of state militia to evict striking families from plantation housing. Parish District Judge TaylorBeattie, a former Confederate and sugar planter, declared martial law over the Black population of Thibodaux,assembled a committee of three hundred armed white men, and required Black residents to carry passes. Onthe morning of November 23, 1887, armed paramilitaries moved through Black neighborhoods for more than twohours, killing men, women, and children in their homes, yards, and streets.The InvestigationIn Hawaii, all six perpetrators in the Katsu Goto lynching were identified within weeks. Lala and Richmondcooperated with authorities in exchange for dropped charges. The 1890 trial convicted four men of manslaughter-- not murder. Mills and Steele received nine years; Blabon and Watson received four years each. But justiceeroded: Steele escaped to Australia, Blabon escaped to California, and Mills was pardoned in 1894 by the sameplanter-aligned provisional government that had overthrown Queen Lili'uokalani the year before. Only Watson,who played the smallest role, served his full sentence.In Thibodaux, no one was arrested for the killings. No one was tried. No one was convicted. The bodies werecollected and dumped in unmarked graves at a site that later became the city dump. Andrew Price, a sugar planterwho participated in the attacks, was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1889 -- two yearsafter the massacre.Historical ContextBoth cases occurred within plantation economies that ran on the same equation: keep labor costs low, keepworkers dependent, and make it dangerous to organize. In Hawaii, the Bayonet Constitution of 1887 had alreadystripped voting rights from Asian residents. In Louisiana, the scrip system effectively trapped formerly enslavedworkers on the same land they had worked before emancipation. Black farm labor organizing in the AmericanSouth did not resume in earnest until the 1930s -- more than forty years after the Thibodaux massacre.Today, a memorial to Katsu Goto stands near the Honoka'a Library on Mamane Street, erected in 1994 -- 105 yearsafter his death. A documentary, Honoka'a Hero: The Story of Katsu Goto, remains in production. In Thibodaux,the City Council officially condemned the violence in 2017, and a state historical marker was approved for 1123Bourbon Street. Ground-penetrating radar surveys of the former dump site have found anomalies consistentwith burials. As of 2025, excavation and formal identification have not been completed. The bodies are still in theground.

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Season 40: America's 250th Anniversary — fifty true crime stories from fifty states. Wyoming, 1892. A fiftee-n-year-old orphan train rider murders two young men in a boxcar and becomes the first person executed bythe state. New York, 1906. A seventeen-year-old immigrant kills the uncle who abused her and walks free froma packed Manhattan courtroom. Two teenagers. Two states. Two verdicts that split the question of whether achild's history belongs to them or to the law.In this historical true crime double feature, Foul Play examines the execution of Charles "Kansas Charley" Millerand the acquittal of Josephine Terranova — two cases that reveal how gender, geography, and political timingdetermined which children America chose to protect and which it chose to destroy.The VictimsWaldo Emerson and Ross Fishbaugh** were eighteen and twenty years old, from St. Joseph, Missouri. Theywere not vagrants. They had outfitted themselves for a tramping adventure on the Union Pacific line with newclothes, spending money, and arms. On the night of September 27, 1890, they were shot in the head while theyslept in a boxcar somewhere between Pine Bluff and Hillsdale, Wyoming, by a fifteen-year-old boy they had beentraveling with. Fishbaugh was found alive but died without recovering.**Gaetano and Concetta Riggio** were killed in their home at 110 East 220th Street in the Bronx by their nieceand goddaughter, Josephine Terranova, in 1906. Gaetano had been Josephine's legal guardian and godfathersince her arrival from Sicily. Trial testimony established that he had subjected her to years of forced labor andsustained sexual abuse behind closed doors.The CrimesCharles Miller — known as Kansas Charley — was born in a Manhattan tenement in 1874. Orphaned by age six, hewas placed into the Children's Aid Society orphan train system founded by Charles Loring Brace in 1853. Roughlytwo hundred thousand children rode those trains between 1854 and 1929. Charley was beaten by his foster familyfor bedwetting and abandoned at a train depot at thirteen. He was gang-raped in a boxcar in Omaha. He boughta pistol. On September 27, 1890, he killed Emerson and Fishbaugh in their sleep and took their belongings.Josephine Pullare arrived at Ellis Island from San Stefano, Sicily, around 1903. Within a year, her aunt and unclehad turned her into a domestic servant working from four in the morning until midday, seven days a week.The sexual abuse began sometime after. Following her husband's departure, Josephine experienced a ten-daypsychological collapse involving auditory hallucinations she believed were the voice of God commanding her tokill her uncle. She traveled to Park Row in lower Manhattan, purchased a revolver and a long potato knife, andreturned to the Bronx to kill both Gaetano and Concetta Riggio.The Investigation and TrialsMiller turned himself in through his brother Fred's foster family in Manhattan, Kansas. His court-appointeddefender, Frank Taggart, had never handled a capital case and was not yet admitted to the Wyoming bar.Taggart's defense included the humiliating strategy of having Charley testify to chronic masturbation — anineteenth-century theory linking the practice to moral derangement. The jury convicted. First-degree murder.Death by hanging. An eighteen-month petition campaign involving senators, congressmen, and the son of EstherHobart Morris — the first woman to hold judicial office in the United States — failed to persuade Acting GovernorAmos Barber to commute the sentence. On April 22, 1892, Charles Miller became the first person executed bythe state of Wyoming, killed by a hydraulic gallows mechanism designed by James Julien that had never beenused on a person before.Josephine Terranova's trial opened May 14, 1906, in Justice Francis M. Scott's courtroom on Franklin Street inManhattan. Several hundred people packed inside, including more than forty women from the Italian-Americancommunity. Defense attorney ex-Judge Palmieri argued temporary madness. Prosecutor James R. Ely argueddeliberate calculation. Competing alienists — the 1906 term for forensic psychiatrists — reached irreconcilableconclusions. The jury delivered a swift verdict: not guilty. Scholars have called it jury nullification. Josephine wasseventeen years old.Historical ContextThese two cases, separated by fourteen years, mark a fault line in American juvenile justice during the historicaltrue crime era of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Wyoming in 1892 was less than three monthspast statehood, assembling its legal institutions while the Johnson County War between cattle barons andhomesteaders demanded hard enforcement. New York in 1906 had a legal tradition that sometimes extendeda margin of leniency to female defendants — the so-called "unwritten law" — though it was not applied equallyacross race, class, or ethnicity.Cornell historian Joan Jacobs Brumberg brought Charley's story back to public attention in a 2003 book,discovered while researching juvenile male violence after the 1998 Jonesboro school shooting. In 2005, theSupreme Court ruled in Roper v. Simmons that executing people for crimes committed before age eighteen wasunconstitutional. Josephine relocated to California — reportedly with financial assistance from William RandolphHearst — and settled in Marin County. She died on July 16, 1981, at ninety-two years old, outliving her uncle byseventy-five years.

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Season 40: America's 250th Anniversary. Fifty states. Fifty crimes. Two hundred and fifty years of Americanhistory, told through the true crime cases that other shows leave behind.New Mexico, 1892. A former sheriff walks into the dark with a man he trusts and never comes home. Illinois, 1871.A former Secretary of State steps off his porch for a midnight train and is shot dead in the street. Both menserved their communities. Both were killed for it. Both were largely forgotten — until now. This is historical truecrime, and tonight both cases are about what happens when political power turns lethal.Case A: Francisco Chavez and the Santa Fe RingFrancisco Chavez was born around 1851 in New Mexico Territory, the son of a family that had shaped this regionfor generations before the American flag flew over Santa Fe's plaza. He was Hispanic, a nuevomexicano, and hebecame sheriff of Santa Fe County at a time when the territory's government had been captured by the Santa FeRing — an informal network of Anglo-American lawyers, politicians, and land speculators who exploited Spanishand Mexican land grants to strip Hispanic families of land they had occupied for generations.At the center of the Ring stood Thomas Catron, a Confederate veteran and Missouri lawyer who arrived in NewMexico in 1866. By the 1890s, Catron had acquired interests in thirty-four land grants totaling approximatelythree million acres — making him, by most accounts, the largest private landowner in the United States. He hadserved as district attorney, territorial attorney general, and U.S. attorney. He owned the territory as surely asanyone could.Chavez stood against him. Historian Tobias Duran, writing in the New Mexico Historical Review, called Chavez aformidable foe of the Santa Fe Ring. He was the rare Hispanic Democrat using the blunt authority of the sheriff'soffice to push back against the most powerful men in the territory.On the night of May 29, 1892, Chavez was lured from a Santa Fe bar by a man named Atilano Gold — someonehe trusted. Gold walked him toward the Guadalupe bridge, near the Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe,the oldest shrine to Our Lady of Guadalupe in the United States. Armed men waited behind a telegraph pole.Chavez was shot multiple times. His last words, spoken in Spanish, were that brutes had assassinated him.Four men were indicted: Francisco Gonzales y Borrego, his brother Antonio, Laureano Alarid, and PatricioValencia. Their defense attorney was Thomas Catron — the man widely suspected of ordering the murder,now defending the accused killers. The prosecution's key witness, Juan Gallegos, testified that a $700 paymenthad been offered through intermediaries for Chavez's death. Judge Seeds ruled that he did not believe Catronpersonally made the offer, but accepted the conspiracy existed. That distinction shielded Catron from criminalliability.All four defendants were convicted and sentenced to death. Appeals dragged on for nearly five years. On April2, 1897, they were hanged simultaneously at the Santa Fe jail grounds. Forty-five National Guard soldiers werepresent. At 9:09 AM, the trap bolt was drawn. Three necks broke on impact. Patricio Valencia strangled for threeto four minutes before he died.Thomas Catron was never charged. When New Mexico achieved statehood in 1912, the territory he had helpedplunder elected him as one of its first two United States Senators. He died in 1921. A former senator. Nevercharged. Never tried.Case B: Sharon Tyndale and the Seal That Outlasted HimSharon Tyndale was born in Philadelphia on January 19, 1816. He arrived in Belleville, Illinois in 1833 — the sameyear Chicago was incorporated as a town — and spent the next three decades building railroads and building acareer. Abraham Lincoln personally appointed him Postmaster of Belleville in 1861. When Lincoln was assassinatedin 1865, Tyndale was among the committee members who received the president's coffin in Springfield. He wasone of the original fifteen members of the National Lincoln Monument Association, the group that built Lincoln'stomb at Oak Ridge Cemetery.In 1865, Tyndale was elected Illinois Secretary of State. His younger brother Hector had bled for the Union atAntietam, was promoted to brigadier general, and was later breveted major general for gallantry. The family'sloyalty to the Union was bone-deep.In 1867, the Illinois legislature authorized a new state seal. Tyndale proposed reversing the state motto from "StateSovereignty, National Union" to "National Union, State Sovereignty." The Civil War had settled that question withblood. The Senate rejected his proposal. So the legislature gave him the wording and handed him the design.Tyndale kept the words in their mandated order. But he designed the banner in the eagle's beak to twist, placingthe word "Sovereignty" upside down. The seal entered use in 1868. More than a hundred and fifty years later, theword "Sovereignty" still hangs inverted on the Great Seal of the State of Illinois.On April 29, 1871, two years after leaving office, Tyndale walked out of his home on Adams Street in Springfieldjust after one in the morning, heading to the Chicago & Alton railroad station for a 1:50 AM train. On the darkstreet, steps from his own front door, someone clubbed him to the ground and shot him behind the right ear witha single-shot Derringer — the same type of weapon used to kill Abraham Lincoln six years earlier. His $50 walletwas taken. His gold watch was not. His killer was never identified.A five-thousand-dollar reward went unclaimed. Four theories competed — robbery, romantic entanglement,political enemies, railroad business dispute — and the competition destroyed the investigation. The 1929 IllinoisState Journal concluded the welter of possible motives had hindered the case. No arrest was ever made.The seal lives on. Every official document issued by the State of Illinois, every state flag that flies over Springfield,still carries the handiwork of a man who was murdered two years after completing it.

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Shane Waters and Gemma Hoskins close out their reunion by going down the list of the people who appeared in the Netflix documentary The Keepers, where they are today, who is still fighting, who has found peace, and who the world has lost. It is a warm, reflective conversation about the unsolved 1969 murder of Sister Catherine Ann Cesnik, the young School Sister of Notre Dame who taught English and drama at Archbishop Keough High School in Baltimore, and about the community of survivors, investigators, journalists, and filmmakers her case brought together.The Investigators and AdvocatesGemma gives an honest update on her own life, recovering from a broken hip, stepping back from the day-to-day advocacy, and finding peace in a quiet home in the woods. She talks about her fellow amateur investigator Abbie Schaub, who remains active in the legislative fight and helps run the official Keepers community online.The SurvivorsShane and Gemma share where the survivors are now. Jean Hargadon Wehner, known as "Jane Doe" in the case, is doing meaningful work and published her memoir, Walking with Aletheia. Teresa Lancaster, "Jane Roe, " became an attorney and a leading public voice for survivors, helped pass Maryland's 2023 Child Victims Act, and wrote her memoir, Safe in Socks. Donna testified in Annapolis for the Child Victims Act and helped get Father Neil Magnus added to a public list of credibly accused clergy. They also remember Charles Franz and several of Sister Cathy's former students, including Kathy Hoback, the student Sister Cathy once shielded from Father Maskell, who passed away thispast year.The Journalists and ExpertsThey remember journalist Bob Erlandson of the Baltimore Sun, who covered the case as it happened and died this past year at 94, and renowned forensic pathologist Dr. Werner Spitz, who died in 2024 at 97. Shane and Gemma also revisit Delegate C.T. Wilson, the abuse survivor who championed the Child Victims Act, and journalist Tom Nugent, whose reporting first brought the case back into the light.The FilmmakersGemma catches listeners up on the team behind The Keepers, director Ryan White, producer Jessica Hargrave, and cinematographer John Benham, whose work since the series includes the Oscar-nominated, Peabody-winning documentary Come See Me in the Good Light. And, of course, they give a nod to Kim, who edits this very podcast.What Comes NextShane and Gemma agree to keep going as the story unfolds, and invite listeners to suggest the people they would still like to hear from.Content WarningThis episode discusses clergy abuse and violence.Frequently Asked QuestionsWhat is The Keepers about?The Keepers is a 2017 Netflix documentary series about the unsolved 1969 murder of Sister Catherine Cesnik, a Baltimore nun and teacher, and the allegations of abuse at Archbishop Keough High School that may be connected to her death.Who were Jane Doe and Jane Roe?Jean Hargadon Wehner was known as "Jane Doe" and Teresa Lancaster as "Jane Roe, " two survivors whose accounts were central to The Keepers. Both have since written memoirs and become advocates for other survivors.What is the Maryland Child Victims Act?Passed in 2023, the Maryland Child Victims Act removed the time limits on lawsuits for survivors of child sexual abuse. Survivors featured in The Keepers, along with Delegate C.T. Wilson, were instrumental in its passage.Is Sister Cathy's murder solved?No. The murder of Sister Catherine Cesnik remains unsolved more than fifty years later. Crisis ResourcesIf you or someone you know has been affected by abuse:US: RAINN National Sexual Assault Hotline, 1-800-656-4673US: Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline, 1-800-422-4453UK: NSPCC Helpline, 0808 800 5000UK: Rape Crisis England & Wales, 0808 500 2222

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Shane Waters and Gemma Hoskins continue their first sit-down in over a year, working through the second half of the questions listeners submitted through the show's Facebook community. This is the follow-up to "The Mary Statue and Unanswered Questions, " a wide-ranging conversation about the unsolved 1969 murder of Sister Catherine Ann Cesnik in Baltimore, Maryland. Known to millions through the Netflix documentary The Keepers, Gemma has spent more than a decade investigating what happened to Sister Cathy, the young School Sister of Notre Dame who taught English and drama at Archbishop Keough High School.The Persons of InterestListeners asked about the figures who have circled this case for years. Gemma explains why "Brother Bob" has never been publicly identified, how the nickname came to stand for more than one man, and why she has stepped back from the theory she put forward in her own 2019 book. She and Shane talk through how a single murder sits at the center of a web of other abuse and other suspected crimes, and why that makes Sister Cathy's case so difficult to untangle.New Questions Around Father KoobGemma describes the women who have come forward in recent years with accusations against Father Gerard Koob, and walks through why, in her understanding, charges have been so hard to bring, including questions of jurisdiction and corroboration, since only some of the accusers were abused in Maryland. She recounts asking Detective Josh Battaglia to put her questions to Koob directly. Koob, who was the subject of a 2023 Baltimore Banner investigation by reporter Justin Fenton, continues to deny wrongdoing and says listeners are thinking of a different man. He has not been charged.Who Knew, and the Attorney General's ReportShane and Gemma discuss how much the staff at Archbishop Keough may have known, and why so many people went quiet after Sister Cathy was killed. They place it in the context of the Maryland Attorney General's 2023 report on clergy abuse in the Archdiocese of Baltimore, a 456-page document detailing the abuse of more than 600 children across decades and the conclusion that "no parish went untouched. " That history is part of what is driving the Archdiocese's current bankruptcy.Joyce Malecki and the Sealed FilesThe conversation turns to Joyce Malecki, the 20-year-old whose 1969 murder near Fort Meade has long been discussed alongside Sister Cathy's. Gemma updates listeners on the 2023 exhumation of Joyce's body, the family's still-unanswered request for thousands of pages of FBI files first sought in 2014, and the letter Senator Chris Van Hollen carried to the White House on their behalf. Shane makes the case for why physical evidence in an unsolved murder should never be destroyed.Cathy's FamilyGemma reflects on why Sister Cathy's family chose to step out of the spotlight after The Keepers, the heartbreak of learning their loved one's death may not have been random, and the dignity of their decision to protect their own peace.Content WarningThis episode discusses clergy abuse and violence.Frequently Asked QuestionsWho is Gemma Hoskins?Gemma Hoskins is a retired Baltimore teacher and former student at Archbishop Keough High School. She has spent more than a decade investigating the murder of her former teacher, Sister Cathy Cesnik, and was one of the central figures in the Netflix documentary The Keepers. She was named Maryland Teacher of the Year in 1992.Has anyone been charged in Sister Cathy's murder?No. The 1969 murder of Sister Catherine Cesnik remains unsolved, and no one has ever been charged.What is the Maryland Attorney General's report?Released in 2023, the report documented decades of child sexual abuse within the Archdiocese of Baltimore, naming Father Joseph Maskell among its most prolific abusers and identifying more than 600 victims across the Archdiocese.Who is investigating Sister Cathy's case today?Detective Josh Battaglia of the Baltimore County Police Department currently handles the investigation. He took overfrom Corporal Robin Teal after her retirement.Crisis ResourcesIf you or someone you know has been affected by abuse:US: RAINN National Sexual Assault Hotline, 1-800-656-4673US: Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline, 1-800-422-4453UK: NSPCC Helpline, 0808 800 5000UK: Rape Crisis England & Wales, 0808 500 2222

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This episode contains descriptions of murder, mob violence, historical racial violence, and the execution of a convicted killer. If you need to skip this content, advance past the 18:00 mark. Support resources are listed at the end of these notes.This EpisodeSeason 40: Fifty states, fifty forgotten crimes, America's 250th year. Episode 9 covers California and Alabama — two cases, two communities that looked at the legal system and reached for something uglier. October 10, 1890. A woman named Helen Riche is playing cards in her tavern near a California quicksilver mine when ten men in flour-sack hoods crash through the door. She does not run. She reaches up and rips the mask off the nearest man's face, and in that single act she solves the crime that is about to kill her. This is true crime history from the American frontier, and the legal system that followed would leave you cold.December 1888, Birmingham, Alabama. A railroad engineer named Richard Hawes boards a streetcar with his eight- year-old daughter May. He gets off with her at East Lake. He gets back on alone. The body of a young girl is found floating in the lake the next morning. On the same day, Hawes is across the state line getting married. When Birmingham finds out, two thousand people march on the jail.The VictimsHelen Matilda Riche ran the Campers' Retreat tavern on sixty-two acres near the Bradford quicksilver mine, three miles south of Middletown, California. We do not know where she was born or how she came to run a mining-camp saloon in hard hill country — the historical record is thin on her life before October 10, 1890. What it preserves is a woman who managed a clientele of mercury miners in one of the most physically dangerous industries of the era. She was shot five times during the raid. She fought back, reaching for her husband's .44 Winchester with five bullets already in her body. She died four days later. Her husband J.W. Riche died less than three months after her, his own bullet wound never having healed.May Hawes was eight years old when her father took her on a one-way train ride to East Lake on the evening of December 3, 1888. She had been doing the work of a parent since she could walk, looking after younger siblings in a household already coming apart. She was laid out for public identification at Lockwood & Miller's Funeral Parlor in Birmingham, unidentified for a full day. A local butcher recognized her. May, her mother Emma, and her six-year-old sister Irene — all three murdered by Richard Hawes — lay in an unmarked grave at Oak Hill Cemetery in Birmingham for more than 135 years. In April 2024, they finally received a headstone.The CrimesThe Lake County White Cap raid followed personal grudges that had been tightening for months. Blackburn, a mine foreman, had been thrown out of the Campers' Retreat after a brawl with the bartender Fred Bennett. Others in the group had boundary disputes, cattle quarrels, neighborhood debts to settle. They put flour sacks over their heads and called it a community morality action — the Whitecapping movement had spread from Indiana through the Southern states and into California by 1890. The plan was to flog Bennett and run him to the county line. Helen Riche unmasked Henry Arkarro the moment the men crashed through the door, and the plan collapsed into gunfire.Richard Hawes murdered three members of his own family to clear the way for a new marriage. Emma and Irene Hawes were found bound with curtain cord and weighted with railroad iron curve-braces in a Birmingham lake on December 8, 1888 — the same day a mob of approximately 2,000 people converged on the Jefferson County Jail demanding to hang him on the spot. Sheriff Joseph S. Smith fired into the crowd. Ten men were killed. Approximately thirty were wounded. The historical murder case that followed Hawes would take fourteen more months and a formal trial to reach the same conclusion the mob wanted.The Investigations and Legal OutcomesIn California, ten men were arrested within days. The mining community was small; Helen Riche had identified one attacker herself. The trial opened February 6, 1891, in Lakeport — *People of the State of California v. B.F. Staley et al.* Four men were convicted of second-degree murder: Blackburn sentenced to twenty-five years, Staley and Cradwick to twenty years each, Osgood to twelve years. All four were released from San Quentin within approximately three years. The Governor had commuted Blackburn's sentence to ten years following an extensive lobbying campaign. Three years, for a home invasion that killed two people.In Alabama, Richard Hawes was tried beginning April 22, 1889, before Judge Samuel Greene. The prosecution built the case around May's murder — the strongest evidence available, though entirely circumstantial: eyewitness testimony placing father and daughter on the streetcar together, and only the father returning. The jury deliberated fifty-five minutes. Death. After multiple appeals to the Alabama Supreme Court, all denied, Richard Hawes was hanged by Sheriff Smith on February 28, 1890 — the same man who had fired into a crowd to keep him alive for this moment. Hawes wore a geranium in his lapel. The gallows were built by a man who had served on his jury.Historical ContextBoth cases sit at a specific American intersection: communities losing faith in institutional justice and reaching for extralegal violence, with consequences that fell hardest on people who had nothing to do with the original grievance. The Whitecapping movement was already documented across Indiana, Tennessee, and Mississippi before it reached California. In Alabama, the Birmingham riot of 1888 killed ten bystanders, including Maurice Throckmorton, thirty-three, the city's postmaster, who was reportedly trying to calm the crowd when he was shot. The legal system delivered the outcome the mob demanded — it just took fourteen months and cost ten additional lives to get there.California's legislature responded to the broader wave of hooded vigilantism during this period with enhanced anti- vigilante and anti-mask statutes. For the Hawes case, Fannie Bryant — the family's cook and a key witness for the prosecution — was herself sentenced to death for allegedly aiding Hawes. She died in a prison riot before the sentence could be carried out. Her actual level of involvement remains contested. She was a Black woman in 1880s Alabama, easily targeted by a system that offered her no protection.

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This episode contains discussions of murder, execution, racial violence, and a botched public hanging. If you need to skip any section, the chapter markers below will help you find your way around. Support resources are listed at the end of these notes.This EpisodeSeason 40 of Foul Play covers America's forgotten crimes — fifty states, 250 years, and the stories that slipped out of the history books. Episode 8 closes out the season with a double portrait. One case from New Hampshire. One from Colorado. Eleven years apart. Two thousand miles between them. The same question at the center of both: when the law finally catches up with a killer, does it actually deliver justice?This is historical true crime at its most uncomfortable.Case A: The Great Falls National Bank Murder — New Hampshire , 1897Joseph A. Stickney was sixty-eight years old when a man walked into his bank on Good Friday morning, April 16, 1897, and cut his throat.Stickney was the cashier of the Great Falls National Bank in Somersworth, New Hampshire — a mill city of seven thousand people where the Salmon Falls River dropped one hundred feet over a mile and powered seven textile mills. The bank had operated since 1865. On a holiday morning, with the mills closed and families walking to Mass, Stickney was alone at his desk with $150,000 in money and securities behind him.The man who killed him was Joseph E. Kelley, twenty-four years old, born in Amesbury, Massachusetts. Kelley had been convicted in Somersworth five years earlier for breaking and entering. He had studied the bank's routine. He walked in with a blackjack, knocked Stickney to the floor, cut his throat, and left with approximately $6,000 in cash — leaving $144,000 behind.The historical murder investigation moved fast. Kelley hired a horse team from Whitten's Stable. The team was found the next day at Phoenix Stables. On April 29, investigators searched a boarding house in Berwick, Maine, where they found a box containing a false mustache and goatee. Kelley had already crossed into Quebec on a Boston & Maine train. He was caught in a Montreal brothel, seated between two prostitutes, still wearing a woman's dress he had purchased for $10 in gold from a hotelkeeper in Quebec.At trial in Dover, New Hampshire, in November 1897, Kelley changed his plea to guilty — but only if the hanging could be scheduled for January 16, 1898. He had a contract with the Devil, he explained, that expired January 15.Dr. Charles Bancroft of the New Hampshire State Asylum for the Insane examined Kelley multiple times and concluded he had the instincts of a man but the judgment and capacity of a child of nine. Expert after expert called him a "high-grade imbecile. " Chief Justice Alonzo P. Carpenter, who had served as Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court since 1896, presided over a bench that ultimately found Kelley guilty of second-degree murder — thirty years in state prison. Kelley was reportedly disappointed. He had wanted to hang.Case B: The Trolley Murder of Joseph C. Whitnah — Colorado , 1886On the night of May 19, 1886, Joseph C. Whitnah was driving a horse-drawn streetcar along the Broadway line of the Denver City Railway when two men approached his car at the southern terminus at Broadway and Alameda.Whitnah was a streetcar operator in a city mid-boom. Denver's population tripled between 1880 and 1890, from roughly 35,000 to more than 106,000. The Denver City Railway operated forty-five coaches across sixteen miles of track.Andrew Green, twenty-five years old, and his associate John "Kansas" Withers had been waiting for Whitnah's car. Green fired two shots from a .38 caliber revolver. The first shot was accidental — triggered when Whitnah screamed. The second was deliberate, close-range, through the heart. Whitnah died on the spot. The $14 in fares in his cashbox went untouched.The true crime investigation broke in six days. On May 21, a private detective received a tip at the G.A.R. Saloon on Larimer Street — the Grand Army of the Republic, a fraternal organization for Union veterans. Withers confessed almost immediately and identified Green as the shooter. Green was arrested and confessed on May 25. He told investigators he had been promised the death penalty would be taken off the table if he cooperated.That promise was never confirmed or denied.Green stood trial before an all-white jury. This was Denver six years after a mob of 3,000 attacked the city's Chinese quarter and lynched a man named Look Young. Defense attorney Edgar Caypless worked pro bono. He argued that no robbery had actually been completed, that Green's confession was coerced by a false promise, and that the first shot was accidental. The jury deliberated a little over an hour — was polled four times, one juror holding out for second- degree — and returned a verdict of guilty of first-degree murder. Death.On July 27, 1886, Sheriff Frederick Cramer of Arapahoe County cut the main rope at 2:24 PM before fifteen to twenty thousand spectators gathered between the Broadway and Colfax bridges. Vendors sold lemonade. Families had brought picnic lunches. Children were in the crowd.Green's neck did not snap. Twelve minutes after the jerk-up, doctors could still feel a pulse at his wrist. At 3:45 PM — eighty-one minutes after Cramer cut the rope — undertakers removed Andrew Green from the gallows and placed him in a casket bound for the "colored" section of Riverside Cemetery.The execution was condemned by nearly every Denver newspaper. In 1889, Colorado moved all executions to the state prison in Canon City, limited witnesses, and commissioned a new gallows design. In 1897 — the same year Joseph Stickney was murdered in New Hampshire — Colorado abolished the death penalty. It was reinstated in 1901.Historical ContextBoth cases arrived during the same decade, when American law was negotiating what justice was supposed to look like. In New Hampshire, a court grappled with whether a man who could plan a murder could simultaneously lack the mental capacity to stand fully accountable for it. In Colorado, a court asked whether a Black man could get a fair trial six years after his city had watched a lynch mob go unpunished.Neither question has a clean answer. Both still echo.This is Season 40 of Foul Play: America's 250th Anniversary — the crimes that didn't make the monuments.

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Shane Waters and Gemma Hoskins sit down together for the first time in over a year for a wide-ranging conversation about the unsolved 1969 murder of Sister Catherine Ann Cesnik in Baltimore, Maryland. Known to millions through the Netflix documentary The Keepers, Gemma has spent more than a decade investigating what happened to Sister Cathy, the young School Sister of Notre Dame who taught English and drama at Archbishop Keough High School. She was found dead two months after her disappearance. This episode is a Q&A, recorded live with questions submitted by listeners through the show's Facebook community.The Investigation: Timeline Questions and New DoubtsListeners asked about the timeline of the night Sister Cathy Cesnik disappeared on November 7, 1969. Father Gerard Koob, who was in a relationship with Sister Cathy, claims he called the police at 11:30 PM after arriving at her apartment. The police report says the call came at 1:30 AM, a two-hour gap that remains unexplained. Koob says he and Father Peter McKeon found Cathy's car around 3:30 AM during a walk, but the police report credits McKeon alone with the discovery.Gemma corrects a long-standing detail from The Keepers: the car was not found directly across the street from Cathy's apartment at Carriage House. It was actually found one court up the street, on Carriage Court, around a curve and out of direct line of sight from Lantern Court. She also confirms that the image of Sister Cathy's car shown in The Keepers was digitally placed into the scene by producer Jessica Hargrave as a visual aid. The steering wheel appears on the wrong side because the original police impound photo was flipped to match the camera angle.Shane and Gemma discuss the suspicious letter Father Koob claims Cathy wrote to him, a handwritten love letter dated 12:30 AM on the Monday before she disappeared. The letter was found in the morgue notes rather than the detective's case file. Shane points out this means it was likely turned over after Cathy's body was found in January 1970, not when she first went missing. A profiler formerly with Scotland Yard analyzed the letter's content and concluded it was not written by Sister Cathy. Koob did not pass his second polygraph examination.They also examine a separate letter Cathy wrote to her sister Marilyn, postmarked after the disappearance, which was admitted into evidence with the Baltimore County Police but has since gone missing. Shane raises the question of whether Father Koob could have written the letter to Marilyn as well, noting the parallels to the other letter and the movie ticket alibi.New Evidence: The Mary Statue at St. Clement'sGemma shares a story that has not been widely reported. Approximately two years ago, Eva Nelson, a publicly identified survivor of Father Joseph Maskell's abuse, told investigators she remembered watching Maskell bury something in the backyard of the St. Clement's rectory in Lansdowne. Police obtained permission from the current property owner and brought in ground-penetrating sonar equipment. Detective Josh Battaglia, the current investigator on Sister Cathy Cesnik's case, was present at the dig.After two visits and multiple excavations, they found a broken statue of the Virgin Mary buried beneath a large bush that had once been small when Eva was a child. Eva recognized the statue immediately. A nun at St. Clement's had given it to her for protection, telling her, "Mary will always protect you." Father Maskell found the statue, broke it in front of Eva, and forced her to watch him bury it. The discovery validates Eva's memory of events that took place decades ago.Historical ContextSister Catherine Ann Cesnik was a 26-year-old School Sister of Notre Dame who taught English and drama at Archbishop Keough High School in Baltimore. She disappeared on November 7, 1969 after leaving her apartment to run errands. Her body was found on January 3, 1970 in a wooded area in Lansdowne. Her murder has never been solved. Father Joseph Maskell, a Catholic priest and school counselor at Keough, was later accused of sexually abusing dozens of students throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Multiple survivors have said they believe Sister Cathy was killed because she was about to report the abuse. Maskell died in 2001 without facing criminal charges. The case was the subject of the 2017 Netflix documentary series The Keepers.Content WarningThis episode discusses clergy abuse and violence.Frequently Asked QuestionsWho is Gemma Hoskins?Gemma Hoskins is a retired Baltimore teacher and former student at Archbishop Keough High School. She has spent over a decade investigating the murder of her former teacher, Sister Cathy Cesnik. She was featured in the Netflix documentary The Keepers and authored a book about herself and the case. She was named Maryland Teacher of the Year in 1992.What happened to Sister Cathy Cesnik?Sister Catherine Ann Cesnik disappeared from her Baltimore apartment on November 7, 1969. She had gone out to run errands, including a stop at a local bakery. Her car was found near her apartment that night. Her body was found on January 3, 1970. Her murder remains unsolved.What was found buried at St. Clement's?Police used ground-penetrating sonar to search the backyard of a former rectory associated with Father Maskell in Lansdowne. They found a broken statue of the Virgin Mary that a survivor remembered Maskell burying in front of her decades earlier.Who is investigating Sister Cathy's case today?Detective Josh Battaglia of the Baltimore County Police Department currently handles the investigation into Sister Cathy Cesnik's murder. He took over from Corporal Robin Teal after her retirement.Crisis ResourcesIf you or someone you know has been affected by abuse:US: RAINN National Sexual Assault Hotline, 1-800-656-4673US: Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline, 1-800-422-4453UK: NSPCC Helpline, 0808 800 5000UK: Rape Crisis England & Wales, 0808 500 2222

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This episode contains detailed descriptions of violent death, including axe murders and decapitation. If you need to skip this content, advance to the chapter markers below. Support resources are listed at the end of these notes.This EpisodeSeason 40 of Foul Play marks America's 250th anniversary with a series of Twin Portraits — two true crimes from two different states, set in the same decade, examined side by side. This week: two axe murders from the 1890s, one in Massachusetts, one in Tennessee, both forgotten by history.On May 30, 1893, twenty-two-year-old Bertha Manchester was killed in her father's farmhouse outside Fall River, Massachusetts — six days before the Lizzie Borden trial opened fifteen miles away in New Bedford. In March 1897, five members of a German immigrant family were slaughtered on a Tennessee ridge, their house burned to the ground, their case never solved. Two women named in this episode lived into their nineties and never saw justice. Shane and Wendy tell both stories.The Victims (Case A — Massachusetts )Bertha Mabel Manchester was born May 7, 1871, in Fall River, Massachusetts. She was twenty-two years old. Her mother had died when she was young, and she helped run the family dairy farm on New Boston Road — the quiet, rural edge of a city better known for cotton mills and crowded streets. She was home alone on the morning of May 30, 1893, when her father Stephen and her twelve-year-old brother Freddie left with the milk wagon.She fought back. The medical examiner found twenty-three wounds to the back of her skull, defensive cuts on her hands and arms, and clothing torn in the struggle. Five teeth had been knocked out. The same doctor who performed those wounds had examined two other bodies less than a year before — Andrew and Abby Borden, murdered with a hatchet eight miles away the previous August. Dr. William A. Dolan was the medical examiner for Bristol County. He had seen this kind of violence before.The Victims (Case B — Tennessee)Jacob Ade was a German immigrant who had farmed 410 acres on Paradise Ridge, in the northwestern corner of Davidson County, Tennessee, for twenty years. His wife Pauline was fifty. Their daughter Lizzie was eighteen. Their son Henry was thirteen. On the night of March 23, 1897, a ten-year-old neighbor named Rosa Moirer was sleeping over at the Ade farm.By 9:30 that night, a neighbor named Squire Simpson saw a glow on the horizon. He went to investigate with a potato fork lashed to a long pole, probing through the burning debris. He pulled four bodies from the sitting room. All four Ade family members had been decapitated. Rosa Moirer, the neighbor's daughter, was found outside. She had not been decapitated. Her head was still intact. Five people were dead.The Crimes and InvestigationsIn Fall River, a nineteen-year-old Azorean immigrant named José Correia de Mello — who had arrived in America barely one month earlier, spoke no English, and had worked a day or two on the Manchester farm before disappearing — came back to the property on May 30 looking for money he believed Stephen Manchester owed him. When his uncle was told police needed him as a witness to a horse theft, de Mello went to the station without any idea he was a suspect. A shoe store owner testified that de Mello had tried to pay for new shoes using a trade dollar and a plugged half-dollar — the distinctive coins known to have been in Bertha's stolen purse. On September 18, 1893, de Mello changed his plea to guilty of second-degree murder. He was sentenced to life in prison. He walked out on January 31, 1914 — twenty-one years later — and was deported to the Azores. No record of him survives after that.In Tennessee, the case produced theories but no convictions. Jacob Ade had withdrawn approximately $200 from a Nashville bank the day he died, intended as a loan for a neighbor. The money was never found. Investigators considered the neighbor Henry Moirer, whose daughter Rosa was among the dead; a man named Ed Anderson with whom Jacob had quarreled over hogs; and a group of men from Ashland City whose confessions didn't match the physical evidence and who were eventually released. Every trial ended in acquittal. The Paradise Ridge axe murders have never been solved.Historical ContextBoth cases belong to the same decade — the 1890s — when the United States was processing waves of immigration, rapid industrialization, and deep regional tensions a generation after the Civil War. In Fall River, José de Mello arrived in a city with one of the largest Portuguese-American populations in New England. The community that helped deliver him to police later spent years petitioning for his release. In Tennessee, the racial climate meant that multiple Black men from Ashland City were arrested, subjected to interrogation, and coerced into confessions that investigators ultimately couldn't use. Both cases carry the shadow of a justice system that worked very differently depending on who stood before it.Rosa Ade married Lawrence James Hehir in Nashville on January 20, 1897 — just two months before her family was killed. She lived until May 17, 1962. She was ninety years old. The Tennessee Centennial Exposition opened in Nashville five weeks after her family was buried on the Ade property in March 1897. The state was celebrating. A family had been erased.In 2023 — a hundred and thirty years after Bertha Manchester's death — William D. Spencer published *The Other Fall River Tragedy* through the Fall River Historical Society. It was the first full-length account of her case. A historical marker for the Ade family was erected in 2018 at 3000 Morgan Road in Joelton by the Historical Commission of Metropolitan Nashville and Davidson County. A small road called Jacobs Valley runs through what was once the Ade homestead, named in honor of Jacob Ade.

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