Adored by audiences for her “Golden Voice” and dramatic death scenes, her slender figure, a wild mane of hair, a personal menagerie of exotic animals and her boundless energy, Sarah Bernhardt was, according to Peter Rader, the “world’s first superstar.” Born in Paris in 1844, the charismatic actress not only graced the stages of the world, mingling with such persons of distinction as Alexandre Dumas, Thomas Edison, King Edward VII, Emperor Franz Joseph I, Victor Hugo, Napoleon III, Queen Victoria, Oscar Wilde and Kaiser Wilhelm II, but was also a sculptor, painter and writer, whose memoirs she published in 1907.
Born Henriette-Rosine Bernard, Bernhardt spent much of her youth in a convent, the decision having been made by her mother, Judith Bernard, a courtesan who traveled a great deal. The Jewish-born Bernhardt eventually became a Roman Catholic, although she still considered herself “a member of the great Jewish race.” A funeral Mass was attended by 30,000 people, an enormous crowd having followed her casket from the Church of Saint-Francoise-de-Sales to Père Lachaise Cemetery.
After showing early signs of a talent, Bernhardt debuted at the Comédie Français in 1862. Finding it too stiff, she left shortly thereafter for the Gymnase, eventually arriving at the Théâtre de L’Odéon, a theatre she came to love most. Following the birth of her son, Maurice in 1864, Bernhardt continued to appear at the Odéon. With the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, however, Paris was under siege, its news and food supply having been cut off and its theatres having closed. Bernhardt converted the Odéon into a hospital, giving significantly of her own resources and when coal ran out, she used old stage props as fuel to heat the theatre.
Following the war, Bernhardt resumed acting, assembling her own troupe and touring the world. Living a lavish lifestyle that occasionally saw her in debt (her 1891-92 tour involved personal luggage consisting of 250 pairs of shoes, 45 crates for costumes and 75 crates for her off-stage clothing), Bernhardt would typically go on tour every 3-4 years when cash was needed. Having starred in some of the most popular French plays of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, she performed in works by Dumas, Hugo, Racine, Rostand, Sardou and others. She also played male roles, including Hamlet.
Always keen to try new things, Bernhardt loved riding in a balloon. France had played a significant role in the development of this mode of transportation, Henry Giffard having invented in 1852 the first balloon equipped with a steam engine. Bernhardt convinced Giffard to set up a balloon for her own use and in 1877 she went for a ride accompanied by her friends Georges Clairin and Louis Godard. In the Clouds: Impressions of a Chair as Told to Sarah Bernhardt involves these real characters (in the story, Bernhardt calls herself Dona Sol, a heroine she had portrayed in Hugo’s Hernani) in a fictional account from the standpoint of a chair. The story was published in 1878 with illustrations by Clairin.
Sarah Bernhardt possessed a magnetic personality, every appearance having been an event. Living by the motto “Quand même – Despite all” she faced anti-Semitism, was scorned for her lifestyle and endured physical injuries due to onstage accidents which eventually led to the amputation of her leg. Devoted to art, she clung to the sublime and despite the coming trend of a natural school of acting, held to a dramatic manner of expressing emotion. “My true country is the free air, and my vocation is art without constraints.”