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Project Sign (1947-1949): The first official Air Force investigation into UFOs. Project Sign concluded that most sightings could be explained as misidentifications of natural phenomena or man-made objects. However, some reports suggested the possibility of extraterrestrial origin, leading to a split opinion among the investigators.

Project Grudge (1949-1952): This project followed Project Sign and took a more skeptical and debunking approach. It aimed to demystify UFO sightings and diminish public interest by attributing them to misidentifications, hoaxes, and psychological factors.

In 1952, due to a significant increase in UFO sightings, the Air Force established Project Blue Book under the direction of Captain Edward J. Ruppelt. The project was based at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio. Ruppelt is credited with formalizing the investigation process and coining the term "Unidentified Flying Object" (UFO).

Project Blue Book's methodology included:

• Collection of Data: Gathering reports from military personnel, pilots, police officers, and civilians. Sightings were reported through various channels, including direct reports to the Air Force and through media outlets.

• Captain Edward J. Ruppelt: The first director of Project Blue Book, who introduced rigorous scientific methods to the investigation.

• The Washington National Sightings (1952): A series of radar and visual sightings over Washington, D.C., which received significant media attention and led to a high-level Air Force investigation.

Project Blue Book was officially terminated on December 17, 1969, following the recommendations of the University of Colorado UFO Project, led by Dr. Edward Condon. The Condon Report concluded that further extensive study of UFOs was not justified.

By the end of Project Blue Book, 12,618 UFO reports had been collected. The findings were categorized as follows:

• Identified (known or probable): 701 cases remained unidentified.

The project’s conclusion that there was no evidence of extraterrestrial visitation and no threat to national security did not quell public interest in UFOs. Project Blue Book's records were declassified and are available for public review, continuing to fuel speculation and research in the UFO phenomenon.

Project Blue Book had a significant impact on public perception of UFOs. It was the subject of numerous books, documentaries, and television series, and it contributed to the enduring fascination with the possibility of extraterrestrial life and unidentified aerial phenomena. The project's records continue to be a valuable resource for researchers and enthusiasts interested in UFO phenomena.