In this episode we ask and answer a very simple question: what is science? Many of us think we have an intuitive understanding of what science is but it turns out, the true essence of science is likely differs from your understandings. We address this topic from the perspective of being able to do your own research without being a scientist yourself.

0:00 Intro

3:15 Logic vs. science: an example

5:15 Logic, science and data

6:00 "Diet hacks that heal"

8:33 The experiment

10:21 Examining an actual study

20:17 Probability and predictability

22:28 Example: hypothetical clinical trial

26:25 What are scientific questions?

31:18 Subjectivity in science

35:40 "Do your own research" mantra

Sources

The effect of training volume and intensity on improvements in muscular strength and size in resistance-trained men

In this episode, we examine the unique properties of sugar and describe their metabolic implications. We focus on the ways in which sugar differs from other carbohydrates during digestion, discuss some evolutionary differences between us and our ancestors with respect to sugar consumption and finally talk about the potentially harmful effects that sugar produces irrespective of amount. 0:00 Intro2:53 What is sugar?7:50 Evolution & metabolism9:57 Uric acid12:34 How the body stores sugar15:55 Differences in sugar digestion18:23 Glucose vs. fructose26:20 Recap27:50 Closing remarksSources(Kratzer, J.) Evolutionary history and metabolic insights of ancient mammalian uricases(Lanaspa, M.) Uric Acid Induces Hepatic Steatosis by Generation of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress(Russo, E.) Fructose and Uric Acid: Major Mediators of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Starting at Pediatric Age(Mortera R.) Fructose at the crossroads of the metabolic syndrome and obesity epidemics(Maiuolo, J.) Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion(Chang, B.) Ancient insights into uric acid metabolism in primates(Gustafsson, D.) The pathophysiology of hyperuricaemia and its possible relationship to cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality(Rabbani N.) Glyoxalase in diabetes, obesity and related disorders

In this episode I welcome Dr. George Hartshorn, an anesthesiology resident at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York City. After a brief intro, I ask George to dive right in and help us explore this notion that there are inherently good and bad carbs. We start by simply defining a carbohydrate. Next we differentiate between simple and complex carbs and how that distinction is captured in the concept of glycemic index. We then talk about how our bodies break apart glucose and how that process is different with respect to fructose, the sweet sugar in fruit and candy.We spend the remainder of the show talking about insulin, it's role in metabolism and how insulin-related disorders impact your long-term health.00:00:00 Intro00:13:55 What is a carb?00:16:16 Simple vs. complex carbs00:20:20 Glycemic index00:30:00 Metabolizing glucose00:35:00 Glycolysis 00:36:32 Glucose vs. fructose00:48:54 Insulin response00:54:12 Insulin resistance01:01:03 The liver01:06:23 Exercise is medicine