How Business Worked

Sign up for my FREE newsletter! - https://www.compoundeddaily.com/

------

#history #coldwar

Link To Our Other Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/HowMoneyWorks

Written By: Sam

Video Created By:
Svibe Multimedia Studio
Editor: Cardan
Media Gatherer: Andrea Rivas

Footage Courtesy of: Getty Images

Music Provided By: Epidemic Sound

📩 Business Inquiries ➡️ [email protected]

-----

It wasn’t the power of the free market, private enterprise or those pesky Yanks that were communism’s biggest enemy.
Communism’s biggest enemy was - is, has been, and always will be - other communists.
We may view the Cold War from the perspective of the side who “won” (or at the very least didn’t implode). However, from the end of the second world war all the way up to today, the relationship between the unified workers of the world has been anything but… unified.
Red countries might call the capitalist West their number one target, but history shows that whenever Communists get trigger-happy, they always take down their own first.
Look at Russia and China.
Even today, though they may have officially shaken off their cold war era governments, they present a unified front against the evil imperialistic United States of America.
Not that they would ever admit that…
Yet a closer look reveals their relationship is far from a perfect marriage.
Petty squabbles and ideological differences almost resulted in the Soviets nuking China into oblivion.


--- Sources ---

1. https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/columns/asian-kaleidoscope/a-brief-history-of-sino-soviet-union-russia-political-relations-from-1949-to-2019/
2. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zy/wjls/3604_665547/202405/t20240531_11367548.html
3. https://chinapower.csis.org/history-china-russia-relations/
4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/khrushchev_nikita.shtml
5. https://www.britannica.com/event/Khrushchevs-secret-speech
6. https://www.grin.com/document/452562?lang=en
7. https://library.fiveable.me/history-modern-china/unit-13/effects-sino-soviet-split/study-guide/VMhne2CtMpCVYdLA
8. https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155/The-Sino-Soviet-split
9. https://armscontrolcenter.org/fact-sheet-the-sino-soviet-border-dispute/
10. https://www.hoover.org/research/1969-sino-soviet-border-conflicts-key-turning-point-cold-war
11. https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/eurasia_border_review/Vol3SI/ryabushkin.pdf
12. https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619718
13. https://www.britannica.com/event/Brezhnev-Doctrine
14. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/index2.html
15. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zy/wjls/3604_665547/202405/t20240531_11367549.html
16. https://jamestown.org/program/russia-hails-border-deal-with-china-despite-criticism/
17. https://globalvoices.org/2023/09/05/the-chinese-2023-map-has-nothing-new-but-why-are-chinas-neighbours-mad-about-it/
18. https://gwtoday.gwu.edu/50-years-later-richard-nixons-historic-visit-china
19. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-russia-relationship-weaknesses-mistrust/
20. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/sino-soviet-alliance-70-years-later

Get access to a totally free high-quality newsletter every morning by signing up to The Daily Upside: https://bit.ly/3rTweAh

-----

Colonialism dominated global geopolitics from the early 1400’s to arguably the late 1900’s as the major colonies finally claimed independence from European empires.

The kingdoms defended and managed the colonies often at huge public because they allowed them to spread their influence, and values around the world. It also helped that the colonies made huge private fortunes with the trade routes they opened up between the riches of the east and the eager buyers back in Europe and the Americas.

All manner of items were traded in these years, but tea and spice stood out amongst the rest as some of the most prized commodities that would be ferried back and forth over the world’s oceans.

The Dutch East India Company, widely considered by many to be the largest company in history derived over 70% of their revenue from the sale of tea alone at the height of their power in the 1700’s.

Entire wars were fought over access to tea and spices and untold human suffering was caused in the populations forced to grow and harvest something that was only really used to make hot water and overcooked meat taste slightly less shit.

So it’s time to learn How History Works to find out why colonists we so obsessed with Tea and Spice.


------

#HowHistoryWorks #History #Colonialism

Link To My Other Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/HowMoneyWorks

Video Created By: Arun Singh

Footage Courtesy of: Getty Images

Music Provided By: Epidemic Sound

For sponsorship inquiries, please contact [email protected]

To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit http://www.brilliant.org/howhistoryworks. You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

------

Sign up for my FREE newsletter! - https://www.compoundeddaily.com/

------

#college #career #history

Link To Our Other Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/HowMoneyWorks

Written By: Sam

Video Created By:
Svibe Multimedia Studio
Editor: Cardan
Media Gatherer: Andrea Rivas

Footage Courtesy of: Getty Images

Music Provided By: Epidemic Sound

📩 Business Inquiries ➡️ [email protected]

-----

A college degree doesn’t mean anything anymore. But that’s normal.
For most of humankind, universities were never about a career path.
You didn’t attend lectures everyday just to get an unpaid internship.
You attended to better yourself.
The idea of using a degree as a gateway to a higher salary is exceptionally new.
When higher education was created over a thousand years ago, it was all about the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge’s sake.
It’s only in the last 100 years or so that college became a stable way for young people to enter the workforce.
And with AI making it easier to shortcut your way through a homework assignment, the importance of college has come into question.
Yet, many believe that even with colleges on shaky ground, the future of education is brighter than ever.
They say access to free education, like YouTube, improved technology, and a healthy wariness of the gig economy could see humans return to a pursuit of knowledge for knowledge’s sake.


-- Sources --

1. https:/ /ewa.org/issues/higher-ed/history-and-background-college-academics
2. https:/ /www.insidehighered.com/blogs/higher-ed-gamma/11-lessons-history-higher-ed
3. https:/ /comminfo.rutgers.edu/news/how-artificial-intelligence-impacting-higher-education
4. https:/ /thedatascientist.com/the-impact-of-remote-learning-on-education-job-opportunities/
5. https:/ /www.unibo.it/en/university/who-we-are/our-history
6. https:/ /www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking
7. https:/ /art-of-reasoning.huygens.knaw.nl/curriculum
8. https:/ /brewminate.com/trivium-and-quadrivium-a-history-of-the-medieval-university-in-europ
e/
9. https:/ /liberalarts.online/trivium-and-quadrivium/
10. https:/ /www.cambridge.org/core/journals/renaissance-quarterly/article/abs/universities-of-t
he-renaissance-and-reformation/9D9081CFBA90663F3727DE01F550D182
11. https:/ /www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/influence-renaissance
12. https:/ /www.britannica.com/biography/Erasmus-Dutch-humanist
13. https:/ /www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-classics-teaching/article/spoken-latin-i
n-the-late-middle-ages-and-renaissance/34844D77157BC8B8C6C5CF4FDD6C8658
14. https:/ /www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau
15. https:/ /imperiumromanum.pl/en/curiosities/roman-students-wrote-on-wax-tablets/
16. https:/ /www.chieftalentofficer.co/2023/01/24/the-undeniable-value-of-education-in-a-skills-b
ased-hiring-world/
17. https:/ /library.fiveable.me/history-education/unit-9
18. https:/ /www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2024/3/28/impact-of-the-industrial-revolution
-on-education-from-factories-to-classrooms
19. http:/ /www.hpm2012.org/Proceeding/Plenary/PL4.pdf
20. https:/ /www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/abs/connectin
g-the-scientific-and-industrial-revolutions-the-role-of-practical-mathematics/ACC9F9FB643D
C83CDE904D987A05058B
21. https:/ /worksinprogress.co/issue/how-mathematics-built-the-modern-world/
22. https:/ /www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/228197/1/1701742357.pdf
23. https:/ /www.usnews.com/education/articles/one-culprit-in-rising-college-costs
24. https:/ /www.vox.com/the-highlight/23428166/college-enrollment-population-education-cras
h
25. https:/ /www.educationdynamics.com/enrollment-cliff-2025/
26. https:/ /yaledailynews.com/blog/2021/11/10

To say the Catholic Church has a checkered past might be the understatement of the millennium.

On the one hand, there are the scores of charity work and moral guidance to world leaders, but on the other, there are the sexual abuse scandals and historical atrocities against alleged heretics and non-believers.


But the institution is as much a product of its time as the men who headed it. And as the oldest institution in the Western World, there were bound to be some blots on its 2,000-year-old reputation.

What that means though is many of the men who led the papacy were far from the ideal of their lord and savior Jesus Christ.


Well it’s time to learn How History Works as we highlight the 10 Worst Popes so that we can understand how much the catholic church has changed over the years

------

#HowHistoryWorks #History

Link To My Other Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/HowMoneyWorks

Video Created By: Arun Singh

Footage Courtesy of: Getty Images

Music Provided By: Epidemic Sound

For sponsorship inquiries, please contact [email protected]

Sign up for my FREE newsletter! - https://www.compoundeddaily.com/

------


#business #history #wealth

Link To Our Other Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/HowMoneyWorks

Written By: Sam

Video Created By:
Svibe Multimedia Studio
Editor: Cardan
Media Gatherer: Andrea Rivas

Footage Courtesy of: Getty Images

Music Provided By: Epidemic Sound

📩 Business Inquiries ➡️ [email protected]

-----

Sources:

1. https://junsungwong.com/2020/10/11/how-samsung-has-been-a-family-business-since-1938/
2. https://www.forbes.com/sites/carlodonnell/2014/07/11/the-rockefellers-the-legacy-of-historys-richest-man/
3. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/112415/who-richest-person-ever.asp
4. https://www.worldfinance.com/banking/david-rockefeller-dies-aged-101
5. https://www.britannica.com/money/robber-baron
6. https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/john-d-rockefeller
7. https://www.rockpa.org/guide/rockefellers-legacy-giving/
8. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features
9. https://amst.winter-verlag.de/data/article/10301/pdf/102102007.pdf/rockefellers-john/#:~:text=Youth-,John%20D.,up%20to%20%2425%20a%20treatment.
10. https://modernhighsociety.com/what-is-old-money/
11. https://www.texasalmanac.com/articles/oil-and-texas-a-cultural-history
12. https://guides.loc.gov/this-month-in-business-history/january/standard-oil-established
13. https://moglen.law.columbia.edu/twiki/bin/view/AmLegalHist/TylerConwayProject
14. https://www.britannica.com/money/John-D-Rockefeller
15. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/standard_oil_co._of_new_jersey_v._united_states_(1911)
16. https://www.britannica.com/money/Standard-Oil
17. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/rockefellers-still-one-richest-families-000009583.html
18. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rockefeller-Center
19. https://www.nps.gov/grte/planyourvisit/upload/Rockefeller_17-access.pdf
20. https://www.euromoney.com/article/b1fq7xdjxngwpf/the-bankers-that-define-the-decades-david-rockefeller-chase-manhattan
21. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/family-offices.asp
22. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/tech-owners-dominate-forbes-world-s-billionaires-list-2024/3183348

He came from nothing and counted every penny, including what he gave to the homeless. So the story goes.
Yet his fortune is dwarfed by anyone in Forbes's Top 10. They all got their start by capitalising on their privilege and inheritance.
How are you supposed to amass generational wealth when you’re already up against generational wealth?
Some of the biggest companies are family-run; if they are not in name, they are in the hierarchy.
But their hoard of wealth isn’t as secure as you’d think.
A billion dollars doesn’t stretch so far these days.
By the time he died in 1937, Rockefeller’s net worth was 1.5% of America’s total economic output.
So, even though Musk and Bezos have overtaken Rockefeller's wealth, he was still in a better position to make sure his lineage never had to worry about money again.
So why did his fortune disappear?

Real estate is a fickle business that can make or break your bank account. So, imagine how stressful it would be if your country’s bank balance - even your nation’s existence - depended on a good land deal. Now you have the stakes the US government had to meet with the Louisiana Purchase.

That was the name for the exchange between America and the French First Republic for 828,00 square miles of Middle America way back in 1803.

Without it, the US would not be what it is today so how exactly was the deal struck? How do you pay for half a continent in a time before digital bank accounts and credit cards? What led France to sell such a land mass and how did America know they could trust the European country to hold up his end of the deal?

If you thought finding an apartment to rent was hard enough then get ready to learn how history works as we found out how the Louisiana purchase actually worked.

Sources:
1. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/
2. https://www.history.com/topics/france/seven-years-war
3. https://www.history.com/topics/france/seven-years-war
4. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Fontainebleau
5. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-paris
6. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/LouisianaPurchaseTreaty.htm
7. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/louisiana-purchase-bargain-came-great-human-cost
8. https://onlygold.com/gold-prices/historical-gold-prices/
9. https://geneagraphie.com/histories/faHope-Co.pdf
10. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2013-01-22/the-british-bank-that-forever-altered-the-u-s-economy

------

#HowHistoryWorks #history #americanhistory

Link To My Other Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/HowMoneyWorks

Video Created By: Arun Singh

Footage Courtesy of: Getty Images

Music Provided By: Epidemic Sound

For sponsorship inquiries, please contact [email protected]

Thank you Wildgrain for sponsoring. Visit http://wildgrain.com/history and use code HISTORY at checkout to receive $30 your first box PLUS a free item in every box!

------

Sign up for my FREE newsletter! - https://www.compoundeddaily.com/

------

#history #tax #money

Link To Our Other Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/HowMoneyWorks

Written By: Sam

Video Created By:
Svibe Multimedia Studio
Editor: Cardan
Media Gatherer: Andrea Rivas

Footage Courtesy of: Getty Images

Music Provided By: Epidemic Sound

📩 Business Inquiries ➡️ [email protected]

-----

If it exists, it can be taxed.
And if it can be taxed then a government is taxing it, will tax it, or has already tried to tax it.
Austria once taxed yogurt. Antwerp used to tax brothel rooms. The Bashkirs used to tax eye color.
Gray eyes paid more. Black eyes paid less. We’re not sure what blue and green eyes cost, but the point is that as silly as it sounds, don’t think the strangest taxes are behind us.
Governments are always trying to think up new ways to tax things, whether it is for social change or economic vitality.
Recently, the American government announced a wave of ideas to fix everything from low birth rates to balancing trade
Yet history shows us that plenty of rulers have tried to do that before, often with surprising results.

Empires rise and fall like a loaf of bread in the oven, but like a bad baker, some empires get burnt and turn to ash.

Only a few dead empires have a reputation that stand the test of time. We’ve all heard of the Ancient Greeks and Roman empire and let’s not forget the Egyptians, but what about the unlucky ones who are barely a footnote in a history textbook?

Well, they’ve got stories behind them too. So, in honor of the civilations that have faded from most peoples’ memories, we’re going to examine what made them so great and how they finally collapsed.

The Babylonians (1895 B.C.E. – 529 B.C.E.)

Chances are you’ve heard of these guys as they appear in the Bible, though not favourably. But did you know that their city gates were a wonder of the world of ancient times? Dubbed ‘Gates of The Gods’, Babylon was located in what is now modern-day Iraq. But it’s most famous contribution as a city of culture was its hanging gardens (although the ruins have never been found). In fact, most ruins were lost as the water level of lush Mesopotamia rose dramatically over the centuries. That means the ruins we have discovered were built almost a thousand years after the city was first founded. Although so little is known of its early days, historians do know that it’s most famous King was Hammurabi as it was his reign that transformed the city into the most powerful in the region. His law codes centralised his government so were ahead of its time. It helped him to maintain rule when Babylon increased in size and influence. Common laws and legal rights kept his subjects happy and his increased public works – like temples and walls – proved to them that this King was invested in the longevity of his kingdom.

However, when he died so did stability. The city was captured by different groups, including the Kassites in 13th century B.C. who renamed the city.

One of their kings, Sennacherib, was revolted against by the Babylonians. In response he razed the city and scattered the ruins. Many of his colleagues thought this was a bit extreme, so they killed him, rebuilt the city and restored the name. And you thought your office dynamic was bad!

Yet despite being the biggest and most advanced city in the world at that time, and one with such a long lifespan, the city-state eventually fell. Civil unrest with the late Neo-Babylonian rulers paved way for the Achaemenids Empire to invade. The people flocked to their new ruler, and just like that the city that was ahead of its time got kicked to the curb. (4)

---

SOURCES

1. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hanging-Gardens-of-Babylon
2. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hammurabi
3. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sennacherib
4. https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-europe/fall-babylon-0011090
5. https://www.history.com/news/cyrus-the-great-persian-empire-iran
6. https://www.worldhistory.org/Persian_Immortals/
7. https://www.britannica.com/event/Greco-Persian-Wars
8. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/persian-empire
9. https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/constantinople
10. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1220/daily-life-in-the-byzantine-empire/
11. https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire
12. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anna-Comnena
13. https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453
14. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/naming-of-the-byzantine-empire/
15. https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire
16. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Janissary
17. https://www.britannica.com/place/Istanbul
18. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balkan-Wars
19. https://www.history.com/news/ottoman-empire-fall
20. https://www.nla.gov.au/digital-classroom/year-8/asia-pacific-world/angkorkhmer-empire-c802-c1431/themes/rise-angkor-and#:~:text=The%20Khmer%20Empire%20has%20its,of%20foreign%20kings%20from%

Sign up for my FREE newsletter! - https://www.compoundeddaily.com/

------

#history #business #work

Link To Our Other Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/HowMoneyWorks

Written By: Sam

Video Created By:
Svibe Multimedia Studio
Editor: Cardan
Media Gatherer: Andrea Rivas

Footage Courtesy of: Getty Images

Music Provided By: Epidemic Sound

📩 Business Inquiries ➡️ [email protected]

-----

The future of work is about to change. At least, for some people.
Over the last few decades, the 9-to-5 has been ridiculed for its dehumanising aspects thanks
to the iconography of cubicles, employee of the month portraits and office life. [1]
The image is now better nowadays, even with open plan offices and free Foosball tables!
That’s why for some, the 40-hour work week is a false reality, manufactured by exploitative
industries who base their reasoning on a society which no longer exists.
For others, it’s a sign of stability and prosperity which we should be thankful for now that
technology has become a great equaliser.
But whether you think the gig economy [2] will usher in financial utopia or economic
catastrophe, there’s one thing we can agree on: the 9-to-5 is a culmination of humankind’s
fusion with politics, economics and labour.
If you don’t know where it came from, you won’t know where the labour market is going.

- Sources -

1. https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/09/success/work-culture-9-to-5-curious-
consumer/index.html
2. https://hbr.org/2018/03/thriving-in-the-gig-economy
3. https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-greece/slavery-ancient-greece-life-
society/
4. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5_3
5. https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/serfdom
6. https://ruthjohnston.com/AllThingsMedieval/?p=125
7. https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Timeline-Industrial-
Revolution/
8. https://dudsonmuseum.vast.org.uk/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-factory-worker/
9. https://www.historyskills.com/classroom/year-9/year-9-child-labour-reading/
10. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/americas-company-towns-then-and-now-
180956382/
11. https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/henry-ford
12. https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/haymarket-riot
13. https://hbr.org/2020/07/a-brief-history-of-the-modern-office
14. https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/news/news/australians-happy-working-
from-home,-men-and-women-are-looking-to-upskill,-but-young-people-feeling-the-
pinch
15. https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/news-only-i-get-canceled-mrbeast-responds-
company-town-comparisons-buying-houses-employees-neighborhood

Jobs have been a part of human history ever since we drew straws to see who was a hunter and who was a gatherer. But not all jobs are created equal. Not in work, pay or conditions. And considering how many jobs depend on the technology and society around them, there are bound to be some nasty careers that have been swept under the rug of history.

Today, you may think that your 9-5 is bad. Sure, getting yelled at by your boss for misaligning a logo on a powerpoint is bad, but I have some news for you. Your job, compared to some of the jobs of the past, is a luxury. I’m talking not only your working conditions, I’m talking about pay, work-life balance, and job satisfaction

We are lucky to live in these times, and future generations could be saying the same about us in hundreds of years. So it’s time to learn How History Works as we remind ourselves how lucky we are today by counting down the top ten worst jobs in human history. That way you’ll be more thankful for your own daily grind

10 Nomenclator

Let’s start with something that’s not gross or dirty but is tedious to the point of downright torture. A nomenclator was the name given to the person on the side of an elite and they were responsible for remembering the names of important people at social events in ancient Europe.

At first, glance, going to swanky parties and schmoozing with the upper crusts of Roman society sounds pretty easy. But the nomenclator was not only responsible for remembering the guest list but also for recalling the intricate details of each person's life, like their family tree, hobbies, and political views.

Imagine trying to remember the name of a Roman Senators third cousin twice removed while trying to keep track of the 100 other important people in the room. Add to that the fact that your payment, and possibly your life, depended on becoming a walking, talking Wikipedia article and suddenly the necessity to store all that small talk in your head becomes a high-pressure job.

But with such a balancing act it's no wonder that nomenclators were highly respected members of society.

SOURCES
1. https://www.nancy.cc/2017/03/23/nomenclator/
2. https://art19.com/shows/merriam-websters-word-of-the-day/episodes/3ccc92f2-c36a-46b4-a2e2-befa36d4ad0e
3. https://www.britannica.com/technology/galley-ship
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_slave
5. https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2012/03/13/inenglish/1331643336_299952.html
6. https://www.nonfictionminute.org/the-nonfiction-minute/gong-farmers-their-crop-was-crap
7. https://allthatsinteresting.com/gong-farmer
8. https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/photos/item/IC313/008
9. https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Groom-of-the-Stool/
10. https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/the-men-who-changed-henry-viiis-underpants/
11. https://www.tudorsociety.com/groom-stool-sarah-bryson/
12. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-worst-paid-freelance-gig-in-history-was-being-the-village-sin-eater#:~:text=Sin%20eaters%20risked%20their%20souls,the%20misdeeds%20of%20the%20dead.&text=When%20a%20loved%20one%20died,in%20front%20of%20the%20body.
13. https://www.ancient-origins.net/weird-facts/sin-eaters-0016999
14. https://historycollection.com/sin-eating-was-every-bit-as-terrifying-as-it-sounds/
15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkah
16. https://www.amusingplanet.com/2019/09/punkah-hand-operated-ceiling-fans-of.html
17. https://servantspasts.wordpress.com/2020/08/10/the-punkah-and-its-pullers-a-short-history/
18. https://theconversation.com/meet-the-matchstick-women-the-hidden-victims-of-the-industrial-revolution-87453
19. https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/library/blog/phossy-jaw-and-the-matchgirls/
20. https://blackstockleather.com/history-of-the-leather-tanning-industry/
21. https://www.maharam.com/stories/barbe_the-history-of-leather-tanning
22. https://www.thevintagenews.c