In Vivo

Philosopher and historian of science Dr. Justin Garson joins me to unpack The Madness Pill: One Doctor’s Quest to Understand Schizophrenia, the mid-century hunt for a pill that could temporarily induce schizophrenia so scientists could reverse-engineer a cure.

Garson opens with his father’s journey: diagnosed in 1973, treated for a time with talk therapy and no meds, then caught in the post-1980s biomedical turn of hospitals, antipsychotics, and side effects. The episode then centers Solomon Snyder, opiate receptor, dopamine receptor, grind-and-bind assays, and the arc from an LSD ego-death to amphetamine psychosis to the dopamine hypothesis that helped flip psychiatry toward chemical-imbalance models. Also: Hearing Voices Network, pathology vs purpose, and Garson’s Substack Reclaim Your Inner Life.

Dr. Justin Garson

Website: www.justingarson.com

X: x.com/justin_garson

Substack: www.reclaimyourinnerlife.com

Amazon (The Madness Pill): www.amazon.com/Madness-Pill-Doctors-Understand-Schizophrenia

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The opinions in this episode are those of the speakers. They do not represent the official views of any college, university, company, or other institution I may work for.

Dr. Jason Kelly, co-founder and CEO of Ginkgo Bioworks, joins me to unpack autonomous labs, what they are, why biology’s bench tooling barely moved in 20 years, and why the right analogy isn’t a subway or a car, but a Waymo. Is the biology singularity around the corner?

Kelly traces his path from Jurassic Park–era genetic engineering dreams and failing to clone one gene as a freshman, through Drew Endy’s “DNA is code” vision at MIT, to bootstrapping Ginkgo for four years before becoming Y Combinator’s first biotech. Along the way: cells as atom-movers vs computers as bit-movers, why we’re still the “first batter” mastering biology, GPT-5 designing real wet-lab experiments on Ginkgo’s platform, and why US–China competition makes lab automation a national-security issue, including his work on the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology and Genesis Mission / NSF autonomous-lab builds.

Dr Kelly: https://x.com/jrkelly

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jrkelly2

Ginkgo: https://www.ginkgo.bio

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The opinions in this episode are those of the speakers. They do not represent the official views of any college, university, company, or other institution I may work for.

Cathy Tie (founder, Origin Genomics) and Prof. Jiang Xueqin (Predictive History) join me for a wide-open conversation on germline gene editing, the science, the ethics, and the geopolitics.

Cathy walks through why heritable gene correction at the embryo stage may solve delivery problems that plague adult gene therapies, what Origin Genomics is doing under US IRB oversight, and how newer tools like base and prime editors change the safety conversation.

Prof. Jiang zooms out: US 0-to-1 vs China 1-to-100, techno-utopianism, aging demographics, and why, from a game-theory lens, biotech may reshape power more than nuclear weapons or AI.

Controversial, fast-moving science. This episode is for education and discussion, not medical or legal advice.

Cathy Tie / Origin Genomics:

https://x.com/CathyTie

https://x.com/OriginGenomics

https://www.linkedin.com/in/cathytie

https://www.origingenomics.com

Prof. Jiang Xueqin (Predictive History)

https://www.youtube.com/@PredictiveHistory

https://predictivehistory.substack.com

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Jason Verbelli, founder of Galilean Variance and CEO/Lead Engineer at SEG Magnetics, argues that Einstein left a written test for his own theory: if the speed of light depends even a little on the motion of the source, relativity and Einstein’s theory of gravitation are false. In this interview we start from first principles and work up through John Searl, magnetic waveforms, free energy vs over-unity, the double-slit experiments, the Casimir effect, and what that would mean for energy, technology, and space travel.

At SEG Magnetics in San Diego, Verbelli and his team are engineering a magnetic motor-generator based on Searl’s layered rings, orbiting rollers, and magnetic waveforms — an open-system device meant to harvest ambient energy and eventually power homes, industry, and vehicles without conventional fuel. The working image he uses is an electric car you never have to plug in.

Verbelli is the surviving apprentice of the late Professor John Searl and author of a four-book series: Light, Gravity, Time, and Coherence. He rejects Lorentz invariance in favor of Galilean Variance and Dr. Edward Dowdye’s Extinction Shift Principle — primary waves extinguished and re-emitted by local matter.

0:00 Intro — Who is Jason Verbelli?

0:56 SEG Magnetics and the unplugged electric car

3:53 John Searl’s origin story

7:18 The generator lifts off — radios blast on

9:06 The BBC Levity Disc claim

11:19 How Verbelli met Searl

13:15 The 1982 confiscation and court case

18:57 Four books: Light, Gravity, Time, Coherence

19:55 What is Galilean Variance?

25:08 Einstein’s 1913 letter

25:43 Dowdye’s Extinction Shift Principle

42:00 Four double-slit experiments — not one

50:18 The mini Geiger counter / which-path setup

59:08 Free energy vs over-unity

1:04:27 Magnetic waveforms and the undulating Bloch wall

1:07:34 Electron pairs, SEG layers, hydroelectric analogy

1:11:11 Not anti-gravity — competing emissions of gravity

1:14:07 How the generator actually makes electricity

1:30:17 Device walkthrough — electrons through the four layers

1:35:05 Bob Lazar, inertia, and space travel

1:39:43 Pushback, debates, and advice to students

1:47:51 Where to find the books, website, and socials

Follow Jason Verbelli X: https://x.com/TheRealVerbz

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jasonverbelli

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/verbzbayarea/

Website: https://galileanvariance.com

SEG Magnetics: https://segmagnetics.com

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In this episode of In Vivo, I sit down with Dr. Rasmus Rosenberg Larsen, Assistant Professor of Forensic Epistemology at the University of Toronto and author of Psychopathy Unmasked: The Rise and Fall of a Dangerous Diagnosis (MIT Press).

Larsen challenges nearly every major claim about psychopathy: that people with high PCL-R scores lack empathy, are uniquely dangerous, are untreatable, have distinctive brains, or even form a coherent clinical category. Drawing on systematic reviews, historical analysis, and legal case data, he argues that psychopathy may be a “zombie idea”, an intuitively appealing concept that has survived despite a large body of contrary evidence.

We cover the 18th-century origins of the idea, the rise of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist, how the diagnosis is used to justify longer sentences and harsher outcomes, the famous Oak Ridge treatment study, and why figures like Ted Bundy and Adolf Hitler do not actually fit the classic profile. Larsen also discusses the ethical problems of using an unreliable tool in court and offers practical advice for clinicians, lawyers, and students.

00:00 – Introduction

01:58 – How Larsen got interested in psychopathy

04:11 – Historical origins: Benjamin Rush and “anomia” (1786)

09:30 – How psychopathy is defined today

13:13 – Why the diagnosis has unique power in court

16:31 – How the PCL-R is actually administered

28:28 – Why Ted Bundy is a poor example of psychopathy

33:03 – Does Bundy fit the classic scientific claims?

1:16:16 – What is a “zombie idea”?

1:41:23 – Genocides, ordinary people, and why they are not psychopaths

1:47:45 – Were Hitler, Stalin, or Mao psychopaths?

1:51:31 – Advice for students interested in the field

1:55:17 – Advice for clinicians, prosecutors, and defense attorneys

1:59:45 – Where to find the book and Larsen’s work

Website: https://www.rasmusrosenberg.com

Book site: https://psychopathyunmasked.com

Dr. Larsen’s X page: https://x.com/RasmusRosenberg

Dr. Larsen’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rosenberglarsen/

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In this episode, NASA space biologist Ryan T. Scott explains why biology, not rocket science, is the real limiting factor in humanity’s goal of becoming a multi-planetary species. We discuss how NASA’s Open Science Data Repository (OSDR) is transforming space biology by making decades of multi-modal data openly available, standardized, and reusable.

Ryan breaks down why studying hazards like microgravity and radiation in combination (instead of in isolation) is critical for long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars. He also shares how open data and AI are accelerating discoveries, how high school students are now publishing peer-reviewed NASA space biology papers, and what it will actually take, biologically, for humans to thrive beyond Earth.

If we want to become a true spacefaring civilization, we need to treat biology as seriously as propulsion. This conversation goes deep into the data infrastructure, research gaps, and mindset shifts required to make that future possible.

List of studies cited:

1. Federated Learning paper

Title: Bridging Earth and Space: A Flexible and Resilient Federated Learning Framework Deployed on the International Space Station

Authors: Casaletto, Foley, Fernandez, Sanders, Scott, et al.

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633017v2

2. Mitochondrial stress paper (Cell)

Title: Comprehensive Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial Stress as a Central Biological Hub for Spaceflight Impact

Link (ScienceDirect): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420314616

Open access (PMC): https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7870178/

3. Multimodal MRI + combined hazards paper

Title: Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals the Combined Effects of Simulated Microgravity and Space Radiation on Brain Structure and Function

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667325826002414

4. Anesthesiology for Spaceflight review

Title: Fundamentals of Anesthesiology for Spaceflight

Authors: Komorowski, Fleming, Kirkpatrick

Link: https://www.jcvaonline.com/article/S1053-0770(16)00008-2/fulltext

5. FLUID federated learning figure (model weights diagram)

This figure is from the same body of work as the federated learning paper above (AI4LS / FLUID framework).

Primary paper link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633017v2

6. Biofilms paper

Title: Biofilms: from the cradle of life to life support

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-025-00875-8

7. Bone density / microgravity paper

Title: The effects of microgravity on bone structure and function

Link (npj Microgravity): https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-022-00194-8

Open access (PMC): https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8983659/

8. Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) – Bone Fracture Risk

This is from NASA’s Human System Risk Board (HSRB) documentation.

Main collection: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220015709

#spacebiology #nasa #spaceexploration #multiplanetary #openscience #marsmission #spacedata #BiologyForSpace #spaceflight

Resources & Links:

NASA Open Science Data Repository (OSDR): https://osdr.nasa.gov

Analysis Working Groups (AWG): https://science.nasa.gov/biological-physical/data/awg

Ryan T. Scott on X: https://x.com/RyanTScott

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Can a single cell learn?

In this episode of In Vivo, I sit down with systems and single-cell biologist Dr. Arjun Raj (University of Pennsylvania) to explore one of the most provocative ideas in modern biology: that individual cells can form memories and adapt in ways that go far beyond their genetic code.

We dive into Raj’s groundbreaking research on cellular learning and non-genetic memory, including how melanoma cells can “learn” to resist cancer drugs without acquiring new mutations. Drawing from his 2024 Heilmeier Award lecture “Can a Cell Learn?”, we unpack the difference between genetic destiny and cellular agency, the role of the transcription factor AP-1, and what it means for a cell to remember past experiences.

This conversation sits at the intersection of rigorous molecular biology and deep philosophical questions about determinism, free will, and what it means to learn.

Dr. Arjun Raj’s lab website: https://rajlab.seas.upenn.edu/

Watch Arjun Raj’s full Heilmeier Award lecture “Can a Cell Learn?”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gs_a_MFb8Ts

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In this wide-ranging conversation, Dr. Michael Shermer, founder of Skeptic Magazine and the Skeptics Society, opens up about his personal journey from born-again Christian to one of the world’s most respected scientific skeptics. He shares how his faith unraveled during his graduate studies, the role James Randi and Uri Geller played in shaping modern skepticism, and why critical thinking has become more important than ever.

Shermer also discusses his latest book, Truth: What It Is, How to Find It, and Why It Still Matters, where he explores how we can navigate truth in an age of misinformation, conspiracy thinking, and institutional distrust. We dive deep into his recent appointment to the UAP Science Advisory Council, chaired by Harvard astrophysicist Avi Loeb. He breaks down the council’s goals, the challenge of government disinformation, and what it would actually take to prove the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence.

Using tools like Occam’s Razor, Type I and Type II errors, and the Drake Equation, Shermer explains how he evaluates extraordinary claims, and why most people dramatically overestimate the odds of alien visitation.

Links:

Buy “Truth: What It Is, How to Find It, and Why It Still” https://a.co/d/0iEil41o

Michael Shermer’s Website: https://michaelshermer.com

Skeptic Magazine: https://www.skeptic.com

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Why do humans sleep less than any other primate on Earth, yet possess the largest brains and highest cognitive abilities?

In this episode of In Vivo, evolutionary biologist Dr. David Sampson joins the show to unpack the fascinating paradox of human sleep. We dive deep into his immersive fieldwork with the Hadza tribe, the neural mechanics of how your brain flushes out toxins at night, and why our modern obsession with sleep deprivation might be missing the true biological anchor: our circadian rhythm.

Dr. David Sampson is an Associate Professor at the University of Toronto Mississauga and the director of the Shell Sleep and Human Evolution Lab. He is also the author of the groundbreaking book, The Sleepless Ape.

Dr. Samson's lab - https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/shel/

Dr. Samson's wesbsite - https://davidrsamson.com/

Buy 'The Sleepless Ape' - https://a.co/d/09qP1pxd

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Dr. Mithu Storoni, author of the 2025 Business Book of the Year Hyperefficient, reveals a complete neuroscience-based system to dramatically improve focus, creativity, and productivity in the age of AI.In this conversation we explore:• Why the old “assembly-line” model of work is broken for knowledge work and students• The 3 Brain Gears that control your mental performance (and how to switch between them)• The surprising “promotion” AI has given every one of us• Why your brain naturally works in power-law bursts — and how to use this to your advantage• Practical strategies for students: micro-breaks, replacing coffee with a 2-minute jog, finding your “Inner Flame,” and structuring study sessions like a power law• How to stay in high-performance Gear 2 instead of burning out in Gear 3If you’re a student or professional feeling overwhelmed, constantly distracted, or working harder but not smarter, this episode gives you a completely new operating system for your brain.Get the book: Hyperefficient: Optimize Your Brain to Transform the Way You Work - https://a.co/d/03JkQevcDr. Mithu Storoni on X - https://x.com/MithuStoroniDr. Mithu Storoni on LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/mithustoroniDr. Mithu Storoni’s website - https://mithustoroni.com/In Vivo on Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/@InVivoPodcastIn Vivo on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5GBvPPvSx52O6ILuam4LoX?si=6c903566ae7b4761&nd=1&dlsi=254f9f5e78194002In Vivo on Apple Podcast - https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/in-vivo/id1775578563In Vivo on Amazon Podcasts - https://music.amazon.ca/podcasts/1ac4dbec-df46-4d1f-b0a1-742e9656ef44/in-vivo