Plato's Crito is a dialogue depicting a conversation between Socrates.and his friend Crito in prison, shortly before Socrates' execution. Critourges Socrates to escape, emphasizing the negative consequences for Crito and other friends if Socrates remains. Socrates, however, refuses, arguing that escaping would violate his moral principles and break a social contract with Athens. He believes it is always unjust to return evil for evil, and that even the threat of death does not justify compromising his commitment to justice. The dialogue explores themes of justice, civic duty, and the importance of upholding one's moral principles even in the face of adversity.

Plato's Apology is a transcription of Socrates' defense speech at his trial in Athens. Socrates recounts accusations leveled against him, including impiety and corrupting the youth. He defends himself by explaining his philosophical method of questioning those believed wise, revealing their lack of true knowledge. Ultimately, Socrates accepts his death sentence with calm dignity, asserting his commitment to philosophical inquiry and belief in divine guidance. The text explores themes of truth, justice, and the examined life.

Plato's Phaedo is a dialogue exploring the immortality of the soul. Socrates, awaiting execution, presents various arguments for the soul's pre-existence and continued existence after death, engaging his disciples in philosophical debate. These arguments draw upon Pythagorean and other philosophical traditions, including the theory of Forms and the concept of recollection. The dialogue also features vivid descriptions of the afterlife, presented through myths and allegories, and explores Socrates' own unwavering belief in the soul's divine nature. Finally, the text provides context regarding Socrates' final hours and his philosophical legacy.

This text is an excerpt from Plato's Timaeus, a dialogue focusing on cosmology and the creation of the universe. Socrates, Critias, and Timaeus discuss the ideal state, leading to Critias recounting a legend from Solon about Atlantis, a powerful island civilization destroyed by natural catastrophe. Timaeus then elaborates on Plato's theory of Forms, explaining the creation of the cosmos and its inhabitants, including humans, as a reflection of perfect, eternal ideals. The dialogue explores the relationship between the soul and body, and the causes of disease and imperfection, tying them to imbalances in the elements and the soul's journey. Finally, the text discusses the transmigration of souls based on their actions in life.

Plato's Symposium is a dialogue exploring the nature of love through speeches given by various characters at a banquet. The text provides an introduction analyzing the dialogue's structure and philosophical depth, followed by the full dialogue itself. Socrates' speech, recounted by Aristodemus, is central, presenting Diotima's teachings on love as a philosophical journey towards the eternal and absolute. Alcibiades'drunken arrival and praise of Socrates adds a comedic and personal dimension to the philosophical discussion of love.

Plato's Allegory of the Cave, uses the metaphor of prisoners chained in a cave, only seeing shadows projected on a wall, to illustrate the difference between perception and reality. The prisoners mistake shadows for reality until one escapes, experiencing the painful transition to the outside world and the illuminating power of the sun. This escape represents the journey of the soul toward knowledge and understanding, and the allegory explores the challenges of enlightenment and the potential hostility toward those who have attained it. The dialogue between Socrates and Glaucon reveals the difficulties of seeking truth and the importance of contemplating higher ideals. Finally, the allegory emphasizes that true knowledge is not instilled but rather discovered through the soul's inherent capacity for learning.

Season Finale!! Aristotle critiques earlier philosophical attempts to explain the fundamental principles of reality using numbers. Aristotle argues against the idea that numbers, either as abstract entities or as "Forms," are the ultimate constituents of the universe. He challenges the methodologies and assumptions of thinkers like the Pythagoreans, highlighting inconsistencies and logical flaws in their arguments. His central point is that these numerical theories fail to adequately explain the diversity and change observable in the world, and that a more robust understanding of substance and potentiality is needed.

Aristotle's Metaphysics Book 13 discusses the philosophical problem of substance. Aristotle tackles the existence of mathematical objects, such as numbers and geometrical figures, and explores arguments for and against their existence as separate entities. He then critiques Plato's theory of Forms, examining the various arguments for their existence and the problems associated with them, including their nature as universals and separables.

Book 12 of Aristotle's Metaphysics discusses his conception of the unmoved mover, an eternal and immaterial being. The unmoved mover is the ultimate source of all motion and change in the world. He argues that the unmoved mover is not affected by the world, but instead, is the final cause.

Aristotle examines multiple meanings of key terms, including "beginning," "cause," "element," and "nature," analyzing their various applications and relationships. He further defines concepts like "necessary," "one," "same," "other," "prior," "posterior," "potency," "quantum," "quality," "relative," "complete," "limit," "disposition," "having," "affection," "privation," "holding," "coming from," "part," "whole," "mutilated," "genus," and "accident,"clarifying their nuanced uses and interconnections. The work systematically dissects these terms, revealing the complexities of defining and understanding reality. Finally, Aristotle distinguishes between accidental and essential aspects of being.