Kriget om din själ

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Osame är tillbaka och vi pratar vidare utifrån de, kanske något dystra, forskningsfynden som vi går igenom i avsnitt 11. I detta avsnittet fokuserar vi på terapeutens bidrag till terapins effektivitet och vad som kännetecknar riktigt effektiva terapeuter.

Referenser

Anderson, T., McClintock, A. S., Himawan, L., Song, X., & Patterson, C. L. (2016). A Prospective Study of Therapist Facilitative Interpersonal Skills as a Predictor of Treatment Outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000060

Anderson, T., Ogles, B. M., Patterson, C. L., Lambert, M. J., & Vermeersch, D. A. (2009). Therapist effects: Facilitative interpersonal skills as a predictor of therapist success. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(7), 755–768. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20583

Delgadillo, J., Saxon, D., & Barkham, M. (2018). Associations between therapists’ occupational burnout and their patients’ depression and anxiety treatment outcomes. Depression and Anxiety, 35(9), 844–850. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22766

Fried, E. I., & Nesse, R. M. (2015). Depression is not a consistent syndrome: An investigation of unique symptom patterns in the STAR*D study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.010

Goldberg, S. B., Babins-Wagner, R., Rousmaniere, T., Berzins, S., Hoyt, W. T., Whipple, J. L., Miller, S. D., & Wampold, B. E. (2016). Creating a climate for therapist improvement: A case study of an agency focused on outcomes and deliberate practice. Psychotherapy, 53(3), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000060

Goldberg, S. B., Hoyt, W. T., Nissen-Lie, H. A., Nielsen, S. L., & Wampold, B. E. (2018). Unpacking the therapist effect: Impact of treatment length differs for high- and low-performing therapists. Psychotherapy Research, 28(4), 532–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1216625

Goldberg, S. B., Rousmaniere, T., Miller, S. D., Whipple, J., Nielsen, S. L., Hoyt, W. T., & Wampold, B. E. (2016). Do psychotherapists improve with time and experience? A longitudinal analysis of outcomes in a clinical setting. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000131

Heinonen, E., & Nissen-Lie, H. A. (2020). The professional and personal characteristics of effective psychotherapists: a systematic review. Psychotherapy Research, 30(4), 417–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2019.1620366

Johns, R. G., Barkham, M., Kellett, S., & Saxon, D. (2019). A systematic review of therapist effects: A critical narrative update and refinement to review. Clinical Psychology Review, 67, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.004

Kobak, K. A., Wolitzky-Taylor, K., Craske, M. G., & Rose, R. D. (2017). Therapist Training on Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety Disorders Using Internet-Based Technologies. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(2), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9819-4

Lutz, W., Schwartz, B., & Delgadillo, J. (2022). Measurement-Based and Data-Informed Psychological Therapy. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071720-014821

Magnusson, K., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). The consequences of ignoring therapist effects in trials with longitudinal data: A simulation study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(9), 711–725. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000333

Moe, F. D., & Thimm, J. (2021). Personal therapy and the personal therapist. Nordic Psychology, 73(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2020.1762713

Nordahl, H. M., Borkovec, T. D., Hagen, R., Kennair, L. E. O., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., Hansen, B., Haseth, S., & Wells, A. (2018). Metacognitive therapy versus cognitive–behavioural therapy in adults with generalised anxiety disorder. BJPsych Open, 4(5), 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.54

Nidich, S., Mills, P. J., Rainforth, M., Heppner, P., Schneider, R. H., Rosenthal, N. E., Salerno, J., Gaylord-King, C., & Rutledge, T. (2018). Non-trauma-focused meditation versus exposure therapy in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomised controlled trial. The lancet. Psychiatry, 5(12), 975–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30384-5

Saxon, D., Firth, N., & Barkham, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Therapist Effects and Therapy Delivery Factors: Therapy Modality, Dosage, and Non-completion. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44(5), 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0750-5

Schöttke, H., Flückiger, C., Goldberg, S. B., Eversmann, J., & Lange, J. (2017). Predicting psychotherapy outcome based on therapist interpersonal skills: A five-year longitudinal study of a therapist assessment protocol. Psychotherapy Research, 27(6), 642–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1125546

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Vi diskuterar betydelsen av bland annat utbildning, kompetens och följsamhet till manualer när det kommer till psykoterapi tillsammans med vår gäst Osame Salim. Vi berör bland annat frågor som; blir man en bättre terapeut av att fortbilda sig? Får man bättre resultat av att bli bättre på specifika manualer? Är psykologer bättre än exempelvis gymnasielärare på att bedriva psykoterapi? Vad är överhuvudtaget psykoterapi och hur kan man lära sig det?

Referenser

Anderson, T., Crowley, M. E. J., Himawan, L., Holmberg, J. K., & Uhlin, B. D. (2016). Therapist facilitative interpersonal skills and training status: A randomized clinical trial on alliance and outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 26(5), 511–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1049671

Anderson, T., Finkelstein, J. D., & Horvath, S. A. (2020). The facilitative interpersonal skills method: Difficult psychotherapy moments and appropriate therapist responsiveness. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 20(3), 463–469.

Bennett-Levy, J. (2019). Why therapists should walk the talk: The theoretical and empirical case for personal practice in therapist training and professional development. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 62, 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.08.004

Boswell, J. F., Gallagher, M. W., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Bullis, J., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., Woods, S., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Patient characteristics and variability in adherence and competence in cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(3), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031437

Burlingame, G. M., & Barlow, S. H. (1996). Outcome and Process Differences Between Professional and Nonprofessional Therapists in Time-Limited Group Psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 46(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.1996.11491505

Erekson, D. M., Janis, R., Bailey, R. J., Cattani, K., & Pedersen, T. R. (2017). A longitudinal investigation of the impact of psychotherapist training: Does training improve client outcomes? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 514–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000252

Goldberg, S. B., Rousmaniere, T., Miller, S. D., Whipple, J., Nielsen, S. L., Hoyt, W. T., & Wampold, B. E. (2016). Do psychotherapists improve with time and experience? A longitudinal analysis of outcomes in a clinical setting. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000131

Hill, C. E., Baumann, E., Shafran, N., Gupta, S., Morrison, A., Rojas, A. E. P., Spangler, P. T., Griffin, S., Pappa, L., & Gelso, C. J. (2015). Is training effective? A study of counseling psychology doctoral trainees in a psychodynamic/interpersonal training clinic. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000053

Hill, C.E & Knox, S. (2013) Training and supervision in psychotherapy. In Lambert, M. J. (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6th ed). John Wiley & Sons.

Hoyer, J., Čolić, J., Pittig, A., Crawcour, S., Moeser, M., & Ginzburg, D. et al. (2017). Manualized cognitive therapy versus cognitive-behavioral treatment-as-usual for social anxiety disorder in routine practice: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research And Therapy, 95, 87-98. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.012

Nissen-Lie, H. A., Rønnestad, M. H., Høglend, P. A., Havik, O. E., Solbakken, O. A., Stiles, T. C., & Monsen, J. T. (2017). Love Yourself as a Person, Doubt Yourself as a Therapist?: Relationship of Therapist Professional and Personal Functioning to Therapeutic Outcome. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1977

Okiishi, J., Lambert, M. J., Nielsen, S. L., & Ogles, B. M. (2003). Waiting for supershrink: An empirical analysis of therapist effects. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 10(6), 361– 373. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.383

Owen, J., Wampold, B. E., Kopta, M., Rousmaniere, T., & Miller, S. D. (2016). As good as it gets? Therapy outcomes of trainees over time. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000112     

Rapley, H. A., & Loades, M. E. (2019). A systematic review exploring therapist competence, adherence, and therapy outcomes in individual CBT for children and young people. Psychotherapy Research, 29(8), 1010–1019. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2018.1464681

Schöttke, H., Flückiger, C., Goldberg, S. B., Eversmann, J., & Lange, J. (2017). Predicting psychotherapy outcome based on therapist interpersonal skills: A five-year longitudinal study of a therapist assessment protocol. Psychotherapy Research, 27(6), 642–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1125546                

Stiles, W. B. (2009). Responsiveness as an Obstacle for Psychotherapy Outcome Research: It’s Worse Than You Think. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 16(1), 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01148.x

Strupp, H. H & Hadley, S. W. (1979). Specific vs Nonspecific Factors in Psychotherapy: A Controlled Study of Outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36(10), 1125. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1979.01780100095009

Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate: The evidence for what makes psychotherapy work (Second edition). Routledge.

Webb, C. A., DeRubeis, R. J., & Barber, J. P. (2010). Therapist adherence/competence and treatment outcome: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018912

Zarafonitis-Müller, S., Kuhr, K., & Bechdolf, A. (2014). [The relationship between therapist's competence and adherence to outcome in cognitive-behavioural therapy - results of a metaanalysis]. Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie, 82(09), 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1366798

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Meyer, J. M., Farrell, N. R., Kemp, J. J., Blakey, S. M., & Deacon, B. J. (2014). Why do clinicians exclude anxious clients from exposure therapy? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 54, 49-53. 

Scherr, S. R., Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2015). The role of therapist experiential avoidance in predicting therapist preference for exposure treatment for OCD. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(1), 21-29.

Shimokawa, K., Lambert, M. J., & Smart, D. W. (2010). Enhancing Treatment Outcome of Patients at Risk of Treatment Failure: Meta-Analytic and Mega-Analytic Review of a Psychotherapy Quality Assurance System. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 78(3), 298-311.

Waller, G., Stringer, H., & Meyer, C. (2012). What Cognitive Behavioral Techniques Do Therapists Report Using When Delivering Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Eating Disorders? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 171–175

Waller, G., Stringer, H., & Meyer, C. (2012). What Cognitive Behavioral Techniques Do Therapists Report Using When Delivering Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Eating Disorders? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 171–175

Walfish, S., McAlister, B., O'Donnell, P., & Lambert, M. J. (2012). An investigation of self-assessment bias in mental health providers. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 639-644. 

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Vi diskuterar reproducerbarhetskrisen inom psykologin och om det borde anses vara någon form av kris inom den kliniska (empiriska) psykologin.

Referenslista (i omnämnd ordning)

Driessen, E., Hollon, S. D., Bockting, C. L., Cuijpers, P., and Turner, E. H. (2015). Does publication bias inflate the apparent efficacy of psychological treatment for major depressive disorder? a systematic review and meta-analysis of us national institutes of health-funded trials. PLoS ONE 10:e0137864. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137864

Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Bohlmeijer, E., Hollon, S. D., and Andersson, G. (2010a). Efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy and other psychological treatments for adult depression: meta-analytic study of publication bias. Br. J. Psychiatry 196, 173–178. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066001

Cristea, I. A., Gentili, C., Cotet, C. D., Palomba, D., Barbui, C., and Cuijpers, P. (2017a). Efficacy of psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 74, 319–328. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.4287

Dwan, K., Altman, D. G., Arnaiz, J. A., Bloom, J., Chan, A. W., Cronin, E., et al. (2008). Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias. PLoS ONE 3:e3081. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003081

Kirkham, J. J., Dwan, K. M., Altman, D. G., Gamble, C., Dodd, S., Smyth, R., et al. (2010). The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews. BMJ 340:c365. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c365

Luborsky, L., Diguer, L., Seligman, D. A., Rosenthal, R., Krause, E. D., Johnson, S., … Schweizer, E. (2006). The Researcher’s Own Therapy Allegiances: A “Wild Card” in Comparisons of Treatment Efficacy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6(1), 95–106. doi:10.1093/clipsy.6.1.95

Ferguson, C. J., and Heene, M. (2012). A Vast Graveyard of undead theories: publication bias and psychological science's aversion to the null. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 7, 555–561. doi: 10.1177/1745691612459059

Pereira, T. V., and Ioannidis, J. P. (2011). Statistically significant meta-analyses of clinical trials have modest credibility and inflated effects. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 64, 1060–1069. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.12.012

Tolin, D. F. (2010). Is cognitive-behavioral therapy more effective than other therapies? A meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 710–720. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.003

Leichsenring, F., and Rabung, S. (2011). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry 199, 15–22. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082776

Smit, Y., Huibers, M. J., Ioannidis, J. P., van Dyck, R., van Tilburg, W., and Arntz, A. (2012). The effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy–a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 32, 81–92. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.11.003

Coyne, J. C., & Kok, R. N. (2014). Salvaging Psychotherapy Research: A Manifesto. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 14(2), 105-124

Cuijpers, P., Turner, E. H., Mohr, D. C., Hofmann, S. G., Andersson, G., Berking, M., et al. (2014b). Comparison of psychotherapies for adult depression to pill placebo control groups: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 44, 685–695. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713000457

Cuijpers, P., Turner, E. H., Mohr, D. C., Hofmann, S. G., Andersson, G., Berking, M., et al. (2014b). Comparison of psychotherapies for adult depression to pill placebo control groups: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 44, 685–695. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713000457

Weisz, J. R., Donenberg, G. R., Han, S. S., and Weiss, B. (1995). Bridging the gap between laboratory and clinic in child and adolescent psychotherapy. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 63, 688–701. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.63.5.688

Westen, D., Novotny, C. M., and Thompson-Brenner, H. (2004). The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychol. Bull. 130, 631–663. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.631

Hallfors, D., & Cho, H. (2007). Moving behavioral science from efficacy to effectiveness. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 3(2), 236-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100801

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