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1. Hyperactive:

   - Definition: Excessively or abnormally active.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (over, above) + "active" (from Latin "activus," meaning active).

2. Hyperbole:

   - Definition: Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (beyond, over) + "bole" (throwing, casting) from the Greek word "bolḗ," originally related to throwing, hence exaggeration.

3. Hypercritical:

   - Definition: Excessively or unreasonably critical.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "critical" (from Latin "criticus," meaning able to judge).

4. Hyperextend:

   - Definition: To extend a joint or limb beyond its normal or healthy range of motion.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (beyond) + "extend" (from Latin "extendere," meaning to stretch out).

5. Hypermarket:

   - Definition: A large retail store that offers a wide variety of products, typically including groceries and other goods.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (above, beyond) + "market" (from Latin "mercatus," meaning a place of trade).

6. Hyperplasia:

   - Definition: An abnormal increase in the number of cells or tissues in an organ.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "plasia" (from Greek "plásis," meaning a molding or forming).

7. Hyperthermia:

   - Definition: Abnormally high body temperature, often caused by illness or environmental factors.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (above, beyond) + "thermia" (from Greek "thermē," meaning heat).

8. Hyperlink:

   - Definition: A reference or navigation element in an electronic document that links to another location.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (over, above) + "link" (referring to connecting one element to another).

9. Hyperrealism:

   - Definition: A style of art or literature that depicts details with such precision that it appears more real than reality.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "realism" (from Latin "realis," meaning real).

10. Hyperopia:

   - Definition: A vision condition, also known as farsightedness, where distant objects are seen more clearly than close ones.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (beyond) + "opia" (from Greek "ops," meaning eye).

11. Hyperglycemia:

   - Definition: High levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood, often associated with diabetes.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "glycemia" (from Greek "glukus," meaning sweet or sugar).

12. Hyperbolic:

   - Definition: Exaggerated or overemphasized in a way that goes beyond reality.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (beyond) + "bolic" (from Greek "ballein," meaning to throw).

13. Hyperdrive:

   - Definition: A fictional propulsion system in science fiction that allows spacecraft to travel at faster-than-light speeds.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "drive" (referring to the mechanism that powers a vehicle).

14. Hypernationalism:

   - Definition: An extreme form of nationalism characterized by an excessive devotion to one's own nation.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "nationalism" (from Latin "natio," meaning nation).

15. Hyperurbanization:

   - Definition: The rapid and excessive growth of cities and urban areas.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "urbanization" (from Latin "urbanus," meaning relating to the city).

16. Hypercritical:

   - Definition: Excessively or unreasonably critical.

   - Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "critical" (from Latin "criticus," meaning able to judge).

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1. Ab Initio - From the Beginning

Translation: From the beginning

Definition: Used to describe a situation that is valid and binding from the start, or that has always been in effect.

Etymological Definition: Latin, "from the beginning".

2. Actus Reus - Guilty Act

Translation: Guilty act

Definition: A guilty act or omission that is the basis for criminal liability.

Etymological Definition: Latin, "guilty act".

3. Ad Litem - For the Suit

Translation: For the suit

Definition: Used to refer to a person appointed to represent another in a legal action.

Etymological Definition: Latin, "for the suit".

4. Ad Nauseam - To the Point of Nausea

Translation: To the point of nausea

Definition: Used to describe an action or argument that is repeated to the point of tedium or disgust.

Etymological Definition: Latin, "to the point of nausea".

5. Amicus Curiae - Friend of the Court

Translation: Friend of the court

Definition: A person or organization that is not a party to a case, but is permitted to offer information to the court that may help in deciding the case.

Etymological Definition: Latin, "friend of the court".

6. Caveat Emptor - Let the Buyer Beware

Translation: Let the buyer beware

Definition: A principle that the buyer, rather than the seller, is responsible for checking the quality and suitability of goods before purchase.

Etymological Definition: Latin, "let the buyer beware".

7. Corpus Delicti - Body of the Crime

Translation: Body of the crime

Definition: The actual components of a crime that must be proven in order to establish guilt.

Etymological Definition: Latin, "body of the crime".

8. De Facto - In Fact

Translation: In fact

Definition: Used to describe a situation that is true in practice even if it is not officially recognized.

Etymological Definition: Latin, "in fact".

9. Ex Post Facto - After the Fact

Translation: After the fact

Definition: Used to describe laws or regulations that are applied retroactively.

Etymological Definition: Latin, "after the fact".

10. Habeas Corpus - You Have the Body

Translation: You have the body

Definition: A legal action used to bring a person before a court to determine if they are being detained lawfully.

Etymological Definition: Latin, "you have the body".

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There is one rule ─ one very important rule! ─ to remember in this lesson. 

"Clause" refers to a dependent or subordinate thought or sentence which is embedded inside another thought or sentence. (nice…) When the clause is called subordinate or dependent, it means it can't stand alone grammatically. Therefore, if I said "When I'm in bed,…" ─ yeah, you kinda go like “Well, what?,” because it's not a full thought. “Although you tried,” …? While I think I know where you're going with that, just to be safe, you ought to try finishing the grammar … “as they say.” I think you get the point. The presence of subordinating conjunctions like "when, although, as" turn sentences like "I'm home," "You tried," "They say" into clauses which cannot stand alone. 

Moving on to the term "relative." So, this term is used for the type of clause we're studying in this chapter, refers to a certain sort of subordinate clause, one which begins with what grammarians call a “relative pronoun.” English has a number of relative pronouns, primarily "who" and "which." But also "what" and "that" can sometimes function as relative pronouns and, as we'll soon discover, in English even the absence of a relative pronoun can indicate the beginning of a relative clause... (double that “nice”…) A relative pronoun is called “relative” because it relates a subordinate thought to a noun outside the relative clause. To put it in more layman's terms (see what I did there?), the entire clause functions as a sort of large, complex adjective modifying that noun, which is called its antecedent, and just like an adjective, the whole relative clause describes or defines that noun.

Antecedents get their name from the fact that they tend to cede (“come”) ante ("before") the relative clause that modifies them. Before we take the next step and look at how relative pronouns and antecedents interact, and even how the Latin relative pronoun is formed, let's make certain that you understand the English side of the equation fully, that’s always my modus operandi. English uses its relative pronoun forms (who, which, what) both as relative pronouns and as interrogatives (question words). But while these forms are identical, their grammatical function couldn't be more different. 

Therefore in English, it's important to ask yourself, whenever you run into "who, which, what," if that "w-" word is introducing a question, and thus part of the main sentence. 

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Transfer:

Definition: To move or convey from one place, person, or thing to another.

Etymology: From the Latin "transferre," which combines "trans" (across) and "ferre" (to carry). Latin derived this term from the Greek "pherein."

Infer:

Definition: To deduce or conclude information from evidence or reasoning.

Etymology: Derived from the Latin "inferre," which combines "in" (into) and "ferre" (to carry). The Latin term was influenced by the Greek "pherein."

Suffer:

Definition: To endure or experience pain, distress, or hardship.

Etymology: Comes from the Latin "sufferre," which combines "sub" (under) and "ferre" (to carry). The idea is carrying a burden or enduring something.

Conference:

Definition: A meeting where people gather to discuss or exchange information.

Etymology: From the Latin "conferentia," which combines "con" (together) and "ferre" (to carry). The idea is people coming together to carry or exchange ideas.

Prefer:

Definition: To choose or favor one thing over another.

Etymology: Derived from the Latin "praeferre," which combines "prae" (before) and "ferre" (to carry). It implies carrying something before others.

Reference:

Definition: A mention or citation of a source or authority in support of an argument or statement.

Etymology: From the Latin "referentia," which combines "re-" (back) and "ferre" (to carry). It means carrying something back, like information or a citation.

Ferry:

Definition: A boat or ship used to carry people and goods across a body of water.

Etymology: Derived from the Old English "ferian," which means "to carry" or "to convey." It has Germanic roots related to the Greek "pherein."

Lucifer:

Definition: A poetic term for the morning star (Venus) or the Devil (Satan).

Etymology: From Latin "lucifer," which combines "lux" (light) and "ferre" (to carry). It refers to the light-bringer or the morning star.

Sufferance:

Definition: The state of enduring pain, hardship, or inconvenience.

Etymology: Derived from "suffer" with the suffix "-ance," indicating a state or condition.

Proliferate:

Definition: To reproduce or multiply rapidly.

Etymology: From the Latin "proliferare," which combines "proles" (offspring) and "ferre" (to carry). It means to carry forth or produce offspring abundantly.

Defer:

Definition: To postpone or delay something.

Etymology: Comes from the Latin "differre," which combines "dis" (away) and "ferre" (to carry). It implies carrying something away from the current moment.

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There are two important rules to remember here: 

Just like some Latin nouns, some Latin adjectives are third-declension. That is, they have third-declension endings: *, -is, -i, -em, -e, and so on. But unlike third-declension nouns, third-declension adjectives are all i-stem. They have a genitive plural ending -ium, a neuter nominative and accusative plural ending -ia, and an ablative singular ending in all genders, -i. 

Here’s an example of a third-declension adjective: brevis, breve, meaning “short.” 

        M/F I-Stem               Neuter I-Stem

brevis breves breve brevia

brevis brevium    → brevis       brevium

brevi brevibus brevi brevibus

brevem breves/-is breve brevia

breve brevibus brevi brevibus

For any adjectives which are two- or three-termination, all you do is drop the –is from the nominative singular feminine form and you have the base. 

Let’s do an exercise where you get to practice matching third-declension adjectives with first/second-declension nouns, or nouns of any declension as a matter of fact.

Let’s start simple: puella. 

Next word: corpus.